Beliefs 10 markers

• Outline and explain two ways in which globalisation may have influenced religious beliefs and practices of minority ethnic groups in the UK. (10 marks) - Increase in migration


  Ethnic minorities moving to another country with a contrasting culture (cultural transition)

  
  

  Ex: Religion helps to ease the transition into a new culture as it provides community
• Outline and explain two ways in which globalisation may have influenced religious beliefs and practices of minority ethnic groups in the UK. (10 marks) - Cultural defence


  ME groups form their own religious communities due to persecution from the majority

  → Many Afro-Caribbean Christian formed Black-led churches as they felt the White ones weren't welcoming

  
  

  Ex: Religion is used as a coping mechanism for the troubles they may face in an unfamiliar environment, as well as a way to preserve a culture they fear losing
• Outline and explain two ways that globalisation may have influenced the way in which religion acts as a force for change. (10 marks) - Technology

  Technological advancements in society have created new ways for religious organisations to set up vital campaigns for change

  
  

  Ex: This helps spread messages a long way, to the point it can even reach non-religious people that may want to participate in social change

  
  

  Alternatively religious organisations may use media to radicalise people
• Outline and explain two ways that globalisation may have influenced the way in which religion acts as a force for change. (10 marks) - Rapid social change


  Social change creates uncertainty and anomie, pushing some religious people into fundamentalism

  
  

  Ex: This in fact shows that religion can prevent change and many try to maintain traditionalist principles
• Outline and explain two reasons why women are more likely than men to participate in New Age movements. (10 marks) - Women more associated with nature

  Heelas and Woodhead: 80% of the Kendal milieu were women

  Women are more involved in natural processes (e.g. childbirth)

  NA movements celebrate nature and healing

  
  

  Ex: Women gain a sense of self-worth and importance

  Helps them to be expressive
• Outline and explain two reasons why women are more likely than men to participate in New Age movements. (10 marks) - Helps women to break away from patriarchal control


  Many traditional religious organisations are highly patriarchal, subduing the role of women

  
  

  Ex: Women move away from them because they don't want to feel restricted
• Outline and explain two ways in which churches may act as conservative forces. (10 marks) - Maintain stability


  Churches maintain a monopoly of the truth

  
  

  Ex: N/A
• Outline and explain two ways in which churches may act as conservative forces. (10 marks) - Links with the establishment


  Churches can have a lot of socio-political influence and tend to be closely connected with the elites in society

  
  

  Ex: They help to maintain ideological control
• Outline and explain two ways in which globalisation may affect religious beliefs and practices. (10 marks) - Deterritorialisation


  Postmodernists - the world is more interconnected than ever before, so religions are no longer tied to places or populations (e.g. due to migration)

  
  

  Ex: Created greater access to other religions giving people increased choice in what religion they want to follow (Hervieu-Leger - 'spiritual shopping')

  
  

  Transnational religions
• Outline and explain two ways in which globalisation may affect religious beliefs and practices. (10 marks) - Fundamentalism


  Some people use religion as a defence mechanism against changing norms (e.g. Islamic fundamentalism is used as a reaction against Western secularisation - Huntington, 1996)

  
  

  Ex: Religious beliefs and practices are preserved and not affected by global changes
• Outline and explain two reasons why sects tend to recruit members from particular social groups. (10 marks) - 1

  N/A
• Outline and explain two reasons why sects tend to recruit members from particular social groups. (10 marks) - 2


  N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which social change may lead to the growth of sects. (10 marks) - Searching for reasons for 'increased poverty'


  AO2: Poorer people are attracted to sects which provide a 'theodicy of disprivilege', helping them to cope with their marginal position in society (Weber)

  → Nation of Islam (USA) recruited disadvantaged Black people

  → Misfortune is a 'test of faith', and members hope their salvation may be grants as a reward for their earthly suffering

  
  

  Link to Q: The power religion has over deprived groups is what leads to sects growing, because they are world-rejecting and protect them from their problems in life

  
  

  Ev: Certain groups oppose sects because they feel religion justifies inequality in society instead of actually helping the poor
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which social change may lead to the growth of sects. (10 marks) - Feeling uncertainty in times of change


  AO2: People fear the results of social change as it tends to move away from traditionalist values, creating anomie

  Giddens: Sects provide the community bigger religions lack in trying times

  
  

  Link to Q: N/A

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which the characteristics of churches are different from those of New Age movements. (10 marks) - 'traditional and conservative in their beliefs'; NA more spiritual


  AO2: Church claims a monopoly of the truth

  
  

  Bruce: modern society values individualism, which is a key principle of NA beliefs, which draw from more disciplined Eastern religions

  - 'pick and mix spiritual shopping'

  
  

  Drane: a feature of postmodern society is a loss of faith in metanarratives, so people move towards NA as it helps find the truth within ourselves

  
  

  Link to Q: N/A

  
  

  Ev: Many churches are starting to tailor their beliefs and practices to appeal to an ever changing society
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which the characteristics of churches are different from those of New Age movements. (10 marks) - 'strict hierarchy of power'; NA more informal and fluid


  AO2: Hierarchy of ordained clergy who hold significant authority over beliefs and practices of the congregation

  
  

  NA participants are encouraged to explore their own spirituality and beliefs independently

  
  

  Link to Q: N/A

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two reasons why the extent of secularisation may have been exaggerated. (10 marks) - Many non-capitalist societies continue to value religion highly


  AO2: Wilson: argued Western societies have been undergoing secularisation

  - Observed the UK and USA

  - Fails to account for diverse religious landscapes across the world

  
  

  Berger: growth of Evangelicalism in Latin America and the New Christian Right in the USA shows the continued vitality of religion

  
  

  Link to Q: Shows that the secularisation theory does not apply worldwide and that it over exaggerates the rise of secularisation, as it only account for a small sample size

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two reasons why the extent of secularisation may have been exaggerated. (10 marks) - Religion adapts to changes in society


  AO2: NA movements are an example of 'changing religion' as they allow for people to continue to hold spiritual beliefs, albeit in a less religious way
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which globalisation may affect the extent of secularisation. (10 marks) - Science and rationality have replaced religion


  AO2: Bruce: the growth of a technological worldview has largely replaced supernatural explanations for events

  - We are less likely to blame a plane crash on 'evil spirits' or God

  - The media helps spread this worldview

  
  

  Link to Q: N/A

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which globalisation may affect the extent of secularisation. (10 marks) - Not everyone conforms to a technological worldview

  AO2: Rise of religious fundamentalism

  - Many emphasise their religion to maintain their communities

  
  

  Link to Q: N/A

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two reasons why minority ethnic groups in the United Kingdom are often more religious than the majority of the population. (10 marks) - Adapting to a new culture

  AO2: Cultural transition - religion is used to provide support and community for ME groups in a new environment

  → Pryce's study of Afro-Caribbeans in Bristol showed that they used Pentecostalism to help them adapt to British society, as it encouraged self-reliance

  
  

  Link to Q: N/A

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two reasons why minority ethnic groups in the United Kingdom are often more religious than the majority of the population. (10 marks) - ME groups face discrimination in their new environments

  AO2: Cultural defence

  → Bird: religion amongst minorities can be a basis for community and protection against prejudice

  → Many Black Christians formed their own churches as they felt White churches were unwelcoming

  
  

  Link to Q: N/A

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which religion can lead to social change. (10 marks) - 1

  N/A
• Applying material from Item I, analyse two ways in which religion can lead to social change. (10 marks) - 2


  N/A