TEST 4

• anatomic dead space


  places in which gas exgange cannot occur: pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, terminal bronchioles, brocnhi bronchioles
• Minute ventilation


  total air moved into and out of respiratory system each minute; tidal volume X respiratory rate
• Respiratory Rate


  number of breaths taken per minute
• Alveolar ventilation


  Volume of air available for gas exchange
• Tidal volume


  amount of air inspired or expired with each breath; at rest = 500mL
• Inspiratory reserve volume


  amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume (3100 mL)
• Expiratory reserve volume


  amount that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tdal volume
• Residual volume


  volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forcefull expiration
• What does the pleural cavity contain and what does it do?

  pleural fluid; reduces friction when lungs move + holds parietal and visceral pleura together
• Name all of the fissures on the right lung?

  Horizontal, Oblique
• Why is there no horizontal fissure on the left lung?

  because ut has only 2 lobes, so it cannot divide the superior and middle lobe
• What is the branching of the bronchial tree

  Trachea, Main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
• Carina


  bifornication region = delicate membrane sensitive to irritation that causes cough
• What is the main bronchus referred to as?


  primary bronchi
• What is the lobar bronchus referred to as

  the secondary bronchi
• What is the segmental bronchus referred to as?

  tertiary bronchi
• When does has exchange occur in reference to the terminal bronchioles

  Gas exchange is possible after passing these objects
• What happens as you go more inferior in terms of the tracheobronchial tree

  the air passageways decrease in size but increase in number
• How many times does the tracheobronchial tree divide as it travels?

  16-18 times
• What happens in terms of cartilage as we go down the lung?

  we begin to lose cartilage in favor of smooth muscle
• Vasodilation


  controls the terminal bronchioles which allow more air into the respiatory exchange
• Bronchiole veins and arteries


  drain and pprovide from to those tissue
• After the terminal bronchioles, we have the

  respiratory bronchioles
• What do the respiratory bronchioles contain

  alveolus
• Alveolar duct


  small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the point of attachment for alveoli
• Alveolar sac


  multiple alveoli bunched together to increase SA, main area of gas exchange, comes in close contact with the pulmonary capillaries and bring blood back from the veins
• What types of fibers exist in the alveoli?

  elastic fibers
• What type of tissue closely adheres to the visceral pleura?

  connective tissue
• Macrophage


  Also referred to as a dust cell; remove any debris
• Type 1 pneumocyte


  flat cell that allows for thin layer of gas exhange
• Type 2 pneumocyte


  secrete alveoli fluid that surrounds alveoli (surfactant)
• Name the passageway of air through the respiratory bronchioles

  Microscopic airways, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
• What are all the layers of the respiratory membranes (from superficial to deep

  Capillary endothelium, Basement endothelium, interstitial space, basement membrane of alveolar epithelium, alveolar epithelium, alveolar fluid
• What are the layers of teh bronchioles and alveoli

  Parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura, connective tissue, elastic fibers, alveoli, alveoli ducts
• Apex of lung


  tip or uppermost portion of the lung
• Hilum


  root of the lung that allows bronchi and blood vessels to enter the lung
• Cardiac notch


  indentation of left lung
• The base of the lung is what shape?

  concave
• What does the left lung have to accomodate for the heart?

  cardiac notch and cardiac impression
• What is our maximum inspiration

  6000 ml