KINE2YY3

• Function of cardiovascular system

  1. Nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients

  2. Gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide

  3. End products of metabolism (including hormones)

  - immunity (WBC)

  - tissue repair (clotting)

  - body temperature
• Components of CV system

  1. Heart: central pump

  2. Blood vessels: network of tubing

  3. Blood: fluid contained within the CV system
• Path of deoxygenated blood


  out of heart, towards lungs
• Path of oxygenated blood


  out of lungs, towards heart
• why is the left side of the heart bigger?

  Because it pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body
• Where does systemic circulation occur?

  Left side to the body
• Where does pulmonary circulation occur?

  Right side to the lungs
• Blood flow in veins vs arteries

  Veins: towards heart

  Arteries: away from heart
• Functions of the heart

  1. Generating blood pressure

  2. Routing blood: separates pulmonary, systemic and coronary circulations

  3. Ensuring one-way blood flow: valves

  4. Regulating blood supply: changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery
• Heart locationg


  Mediastinum
• What is the apex of the heart and where is it located?

  Apex: blunt rounded point of cone

  - directed anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left
• What is the base of the heart and where is it located?

  Base: flat part at opposite of end of apex

  - directed posteriorly, superiorly and to the right
• Pericardium (pericardial sac)


  Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
• Fibrous pericardium and its functions

  tough dense irregular CT outer layer

  - prevents over distention

  - acts as anchor
• Serous pericardium and its functions

  Thin, transparent, double inner layers

  - parietal pericardium

  - visceral pericardium (epicardium)

  
  

  the two layers are continuous and have a pericardial cavity between them filled with pericardial fluid
• Parietal pericardium


  Lines the fibrous outer layer
• Visceral pericardium (epicardium)


  covers heart surface
• Layers of heart wall

  1. Pericardium (superficial)

  2. Epicardium

  3. Myocardium

  4. Endocardium (deep)
• What are the four chambers of the heart?

  2 upper atria

  2 lower ventricles
• What are the sulci on the heart

  Grooves on surface of heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat
• Coronary sulcus


  encircles heart and marks boundary between atria and ventricles
• Anterior interventricular sulcus


  marks boundary between ventricles anteriorly
• Posterior interventricular sulcus


  marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly
• Function of the superior vena cava


  draining blood from any region above the heart
• Function of the inferior vena cava


  Draining blood from any region below the heart
• What structure was the fossa ovalis originally known?

  Closed off foramen ovale
• What is the coronary sinus

  it is a pocket of vein where all the blood from the cardiac muscle tissue is returning to the heart
• When the heart is at rest, is the opening between the atria and ventricle opened or closed? What is it called?


  Open (atrioventricular canal)
• What structure is the chordae tendineae attached to?

  it is attached to the papillary muscle
• What happens to the papillary muscle and the chordae tendineae when muscle contracts?

  The papillary muscle pulls on the chordae tendineae and prevents blood from going backwards
• What are the AV valves shaped like and what are the two cusps?

  leaf-like cusps attached to papillary muscles by tendons (chordae tendineae)

  - tricuspid: 3 cusps

  - bicuspid: 2 cusps
• What is the shape of the semilunar valve?


  Shaped like a cup
• What happens to the semilunar valve when pressure inside heart is high

  Cups are pushed and turns inside out and blood flows out of the heart
• What happens to the semilunar valve when pressure inside the heart is low?

  Cups fills up and when cups are full, it blocks the blood flow from going back into the ventricle
• What are the purpose of heart valves?

  It ensures one-way blood flow
• Describe the skeleton of the heart

  It is a plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles
• What are the purposes of the fibrous rings around the heart valves?

  1. Support

  2. Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles 3. Site for muscle attachment
• What are the properties of a relaxed left ventricle (diameter of ventricle, AV valve and semilunar valve)?

  1. Large diameter in the ventricle

  2. AV valve open

  3. Semilunar valve close
• What are the properties of a contracted left ventricle (diameter of ventricle, AV valve and semilunar valve)?

  1. Small diameter in the ventricle

  2. AV valve close

  3. Semilunar valve open

  
  

  - pressure in the heart is greater than the aorta
• Path of blood flow through the heart

  1. Right atrium (deoxy)

  - tricuspid valve

  
  

  2. Right ventricle

  - pulmonary valve

  
  

  3. Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries

  
  

  4. In pulmonary capillaries, blood loses carbon dioxide and gains oxygen

  
  

  5. Pulmonary veins (oxy)

  
  

  6. Left atrium

  - bicuspid valve

  
  

  7. Left ventricle

  - aortic valve

  
  

  8. Aorta and systemic arteries

  
  

  9. In systemic capillaries, blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide