TEST 6

• Brush border enzymes for catbohydrates


  alpha-dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, lactase2 multiple choice options
• What does the fundus region of the stomach do?

  Storage region of the stomach in which food is left for 1 hour where no contact with gastric juice and peristalsis3 multiple choice options
• How often do peristaltic waves occur?

  every 15-25 seconds3 multiple choice options
• What are peristaltic waves


  coordinated contractions of the muscularis in which it mixes with other juices
• Pyloric sphincter


  Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine3 multiple choice options
• What is chyme


  a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
• HCL: function and location of secretion

  denatures proteins, kills microbes, secreted by parietal cells
• Pepsinogen


  inactive form of pepsin, secreted in chief cells
• What activates pepsinogen?


  HCl3 multiple choice options
• Pepsin


  enzyme that digests proteins in low pH areas of the stomach (pH of 2)2 multiple choice options
• Surface and mucus neck cells

  further protection of the stomach
• Why is gastric lipase limited in the stomach?

  the pH is not optimal
• What is the optimal pH of gastric lipase?

  5-6
• gastric lipase function


  digests fats and lipids in the stomach
• Where is gastric lipase produced?

  stomach3 multiple choice options
• Where is lingual lipase produced?

  mouth3 multiple choice options
• Lingual Lipase


  enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after the food is swallowed
• What is absorbed in the stomach?

  H2O, glucose, amino acids, alcohol, drugs are absorbed
• How do we produce HCl in the stomach?

  1. Convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid in the parietal cells

  2. Carbonic acid turns into Hydrogen and Bicarbonate ions in the parietal cells

  3. Hydrogen ions are transported through an active transport system into the lumen of the stomach, in which potassium is pumped in the gastric duct

  4. Potassium leaves through the ion channels, and bicarbonate leaves through the antiporter in the gastric duct

  5. Chloride enters the lumen of the stomach as bicarbonate leaves in the gastric duct
• Alkaline Tide


  When a large amount of acids are being produced in the stomach, this causes an increase in pH
• Where does the pancreas head sit?


  Jejunum of the small intestine
• Pancreatic duct


  pancreatic juice enters here and it moves to the jejunum where it splits into two
• What do the left and right hepatic duct join to form?

  Common hepatic duct
• What is the common bile duct made from?

  Cystic duct + Common hepatic duct
• hepatopancreatic ampulla


  The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
• Where does the Hepatopancreatic ampulla sit on?

  Major Duodenal papilla
• What are the islets of Langerhans?

  endocrine cells that produce hormone into the blood
• What do alpha cells do?

  secrete glucagon, that travels to the liver to break down glycogen to increase glucose levels
• What do beta cells do?

  secrete insulin to reduce blood glucose levels, decrease glucose levels
• Acini


  clusters of secretory cells that produce alpha and beta cells
• Where do blood capillaries exist in the pancreas?

  in the islets
• What is in pancreatic juice?

  water, enzymes, and sodium bicarbonate
• What makes pancreatic juice alkaline?

  bicarbonate ions
• What is the function of the pancreatic juice?

  breakdown a combination of carbs, proteins and pepsin
• Pancreatic amylase


  breaks down starcg
• Pancreatic lipase


  breaks down fats
• Proteases


  breaks down proteins - from the pancreas - release them in an inactive form, trypsiongen, carboxypeptidases, proelastase, chymotrypsinogen
• Trypsinogen


  Converted to trypsin in the small intestine where it digests polypeptides into smaller amino acids
• What activates trypsinogen


  enterokinase3 multiple choice options
• Ribonuclease


  digests RNA into nucleic acids