TEST 10

• What are the 5 functions of the female reproductive system?

  produce secondary oocyte and hormone

  2. Uterine tubes transport oocyte to uterus

  3. Uterus is a site of implantation of fertilized ocum, development of fetus and labour

  4. Vagina is passageway for intercourse and chilbrith

  5. Mammary glands produce milk for newborn
• What are the Ovaries


  Pair of organs that produce estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin, gametes
• What is the histology of the ovaries

  Germinal epithelium (squamous to low cuboidal), tunica albuginea (dense irregular CT), ovarian cortex (follicles and stromal cells), and ovarian medulla (blood/lymphatic vessels, nerves, CT)
• What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube? What are they all each composed of?

  1. Mucosa (ciliates columnar to secrete fluid with its microvilli) 2. Muscularis (inner thick circular and outer thin longitudinal) 3. Serosa (outer serous membrane)
• What are the three functions of the uterine tube

  1. Fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube

  2. Cilia and peristalsis move it along

  3. Ampulla (site of fertilization)
• What are the regions of the uterine tube?


  Infundibulum (fimbriae), ampulla (central regioin of tube), and isthmus (narrowest and closes to uterine cavity)
• What are the main components of the mature follicle

  Antrum filled with more follicular fluid

  corpus luteum

  primary oocyte

  Theca folliculi
• What are the main components of the secondary follicle from superficial to deep


  Theca Folliculi, externa (stromal cell, collagen fibers) & interna ( blood vessels), basement membrane, granulosa cells, corona radiata, antrum starting to form
• What are the main components of the primary follicle?

  Glycoprotein of zona pellucida

  Granulosa cells to secrete fluids

  Theca folliculi (theca externa and interna)
• What is the primordial follicle?

  Follicular cells, Basement membrane, stromal cells + collagen fibers, primary oocyte
• What are the steps of oogenesis?

  Oogonia (daughter cell) divides into the primary oocyte

  
  

  Primary oocyte (decreases to 300,000)

  
  

  First Meiotic division completed just before ovulation to make the secondary oocyte and its polar body (uneven cytoplasm)

  
  

  Secondary oocyte unites with sperm cell

  
  

  Secon meiotic dividion completed after sperm cell unites with the oocyte
• What are the stages of ovulation?


  Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans
• Corpus luteum


  remnant of the mature follicle - fills in with hormone secreting cells to prepare for baby
• How do we obtain the corpus hermorrhagicum

  left over cells, ruptured cells
• Primordial follicle


  single layer of cells that stay dormant through childhood and adolescence; contains stromal and collagen fibers + basement membrane
• What is the ovarian cortex made of

  irregular connective tissues + germ cells + follicles
• Corpus albicans


  degenerated corpus luteum - white scar tissue left after the corpus luteum
• What is the endocrine system


  tissues that release hormones to other parts of the body
• What are the glands of the endocrine system

  the pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands.

  
  

  PPHATTT
• Pituitary gland


  The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
• Pineal Gland


  secretes melatonin
• thyroid gland


  regulates metabolism
• Parathyroid glands


  regulate calcium levels in the body
• Adrenal glands


  fight or flight response (release aldosterone to regulate ion conc in the kidney)
• What are the parts of the endocrine system

  Thymus, Heart, lung, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, kidney, skin, and ovaries + testes
• Exocrine glands


  secrete products into ducts which empty into body cavities or body surface
• Endocrine glands


  secretes hormones inter interstitial space or blood stream
• examples of endocrine glands

  pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
• What are the general regulation of the hormones

  Help regulate metabolism, blood gluckse, interstitial fluid composistion, some immune functions, contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
• What are some of the functionsof the hormones

  regulation, growth and development, regulate reproductive systems, circadian rhythms
• What does the down-regulation of hormone receptors

  excess of hormones --> less receptors --> less sensitivity
• What is the upregulation of hormones receptorss


  deficiency of hormones may lead to an increase in number of receptors which increases sensitivity
• Circulating Hormones


  act on distant targets and travel to blood
• Paracrine hormones


  act on neighboring cells
• Autocrine cells


  act on the same cell that secretes them
• What is the main difference between water soluble and lipid soluble receptors

  water soluble (on cell surface) and inside of cell (lipid-soluble)
• What are the many mechanisms of hormones

  synthesizing new molecules, changing permeability of the cell membrane, tranporting a substance into our out of the cell, altering rate of metabolic actions, causing contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle
• Hor frequently are hormones released

  in short bursts based on nerves, chemical changes in blood
• negative feedback system


  reverses a change in a controlled condition; most common hormonal secretion
• Positive Feedback system


  strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions