Muscles

• • [Skeletal Muscles] Organs that are attached to Bones and move them by CONTRACTING, pulling on the Bone
  • [Tendons] Are found at the end of a Muscle, which attaches the Muscle to the Bone. They have high TENSILE strength, but they are INELASTIC, meaning they don't stretch, when the Muscle contracts

  
• Muscles can't push, they can only PULL. This means that they aren't able to expand actively

  
• Muscles usually work in PAIRS, called [ANTAGONISTIC Pairs]

  • When Muscles get longer, it's because they are being stretched by the Contraction of another Muscle
  • When a Muscle is being stretched, it RELAXES
  • While one Muscle contracts, the other Muscle RELAXES

  An example of Muscle Contraction would be the Biceps and Triceps of the Arm...

  A) contracts

  B) relaxes

  C) tendon

  D) ligaments

  E) relaxes

  F) contracts

  
• When a Muscle contracts, the Bone at One End of the Muscle moves, and the Bone at the other stays STILL

  • The place where the Muscle's attached to the Stationary (NON-Moving) part of the Bone is called the [ORIGIN]
  • The place where the Muscle's attached to the Moving part of the Bone is called the [INSERTION]

  When a Muscle contracts, the Insertion moves TOWARDS the Origin

  A) Origin

  B) Insertion

  
• SPINE BONES (Vertebrae)

  Our Spine (or Vertebral Column) is made up of bones called Vertebrae

  • Vertebrae Bones are joined by Synovial Joints, but the joints canNOT Bend like the Elbow Joints
  • Instead, the bones at each Joint can be pulled SLIGHTLY closer together, or further apart, to allow a SLIGHT Bending Movement

  Because of this slight bending at each Joint, the WHOLE SPINE can bend

  A) Rectus

  B) Vertebrae

  
• Types of VERTEBRAE (Spine Bones)

  • The main Muscles responsible for bending the Spine from side to side are called the RECTUS Muscles
  • The Vertebrae in different regions of the Spine are different. Their shape and size is related to the kind of LOAD they have to take

  Here are the (2/4) types of Vertebrae:

  A) Neural

  B) Muscle

  C) Centrum

  D) Canal

  E) Cord

  F) Neural

  G) Transverse

  H) Rib

  I) Centrum

  
• Types of VERTEBRAE (Spine Bones)

  • The Vertebrae in different regions of the Spine are different. Their shape and size is related to the kind of LOAD they have to take

  The (4/4) types of Vertebrae:

  A) Lumbar

  B) Spine

  C) Canal

  D) Centrum

  E) Weight

  F) Sacrum

  G) Canal

  H) Coccyx

  
• [Muscle FIBRES and Protein FILAMENTS]

  • Muscle Fibres are adapted for CONTRACTION
  • They are composed of fine Protein Filaments, with the two types being Thick and Thin Filament

  When a Muscle Contracts, the Thin Filaments SLIDE PAST the THICK Filaments, making the Fibres SHORTER...

  A) Fibres

  B) Filaments

  
• The energy that Muscles need to Contact, comes from [RESPIRATION]

  • Blood Vessels supply Glucose and Oxygen to the Muscle Fibers; these then RESPIRE, converting these into CO2 and Water

  Energy is released for the Fibres to Contract, but this process is NOT 100% EFFICIENT, and some energy is Lost as HEAT

  A) -

  
• When we carry out Strenuous Exercise, [Carbon Dioxide and Heat] must be removed at a FASTER RATEVarious Changes take place in the body:

  • Breathing Rate INCREASES, so more Oxygen is taken into the blood by the lungs, and MORE Carbon Dioxide is lost
  • Heart Rate INCREASES, pumping more Oxygenated Blood to the Muscles
  • Blood is diverted AWAY from places like the Gut, and TOWARDS the Muscles
  • Skin performs VASODILATION and Sweating, which removes EXCESS HEAT from the body

  A) -

  
• Skeletal Muscle is made up of highly Specialised Muscle Cells OR Muscle FIBRES

  • Muscle Fibres are adapted for CONTRACTION
  • They are composed of fine Protein Filaments, with the two types being Thick and Thin Filament

  A) -