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• Coherence


  Achieved when sentences and ideas are connected and flow together smoothly
• Organization

  The way sentences are ordered and structured to create a unified and cohesive body of text
• Methods to achieve coherence and organization in paragraph writing


  • Use Repetition to Link Ideas, Sentences and Paragraphs
  • Use Transitional Expressions to Link Ideas, Sentences and Paragraphs
  • Use Pronouns to Link Sentences
  • Use Synonyms to Link Ideas and Create Variety
  • Use Parallel Structures to Link Ideas, Sentences and Paragraphs
• Parallel structure

  The use of matching words, phrases, clauses, or sentence structures to express similar ideas
• Repetition is a coherence principle that depends on optimal redundancy
• Examples of transitional words


  • Since
  • Next
  • However
  • Therefore
  • Similarly
• Coherence and organization are similar in that they both contribute to the overall unity and flow of a paragraph, but they are different in their specific focus
• A mini critique should evaluate the coherence and organization of paragraphs, development of information, and other qualities concerning form and content
• The learner defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences
• Fallacies


  Mistaken beliefs which are logically incorrect but are still used in arguments which makes it less effective
• Fallacies commonly used by writers

  • Hasty Generalization
  • Slippery Slope
  • Circular Argument
  • Straw Man
  • Either/Or
  • Red Herring
  • Post Hoc
  • Ad Hominem
  • Dicto Simpliciter
• Hasty Generalization


  Grounded only on one unusual situation the writer focused on because he has not studied enough examples before writing an argument
• Slippery Slope


  Falsely assumes the order of actions. First event will not automatically lead to such unlikely or unbelievable result
• Circular Argument


  Restates its claim as its conclusion instead of strengthening the argument itself
• Straw Man


  Argues on a claim that the opponent did not state. Includes misconceptions to make the argument appear weak
• Either/Or


  Fails because it limits the choices to only two but in truth, there are more options to choose from
• Red Herring


  Uses unfortunate but useless information to mislead the main argument
• Post Hoc


  Makes use of the assumption of cause and its effect stating that if the occurrence of A happens, then B follows. A caused B
• Ad Hominem


  Uses insults and attacking the person's character instead of his/her arguments
• Dicto Simpliciter


  Uses a general rule or observation as universally true regardless of the circumstances or the individuals concerned
• Counterclaims


  Statements made to disagree with the previous claim. Displaying competence and familiarity about the topic
• Avoiding fallacies and using counterclaims will help make arguments more effective