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psych exam
lesson 7- Psychological Disorders
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Psychopathology
(mental illness)
Study of mental illness and its causes. It is often seen as a failure to
adapt
to the environment
Mental Disorders in Canada (stats 2022)
Over
5
million Canadians (
18
%) aged 15 and older met the diagnostic criteria for a
mood
,
anxiety
, or
substance
use disorder in the previous 12months
What defines a mental disorder?
1.
Statstaical rarity
2. Subjective
distress
3.
Impairment
4.
Biological
Dysfunction
5. Societal
disapproval
Statistical rarity
Criterion for mental disorders based on
uncommon
occurrence
Subjective distress
Criterion for mental disorders based on feelings of
pain
and
suffering
Impairment
Criterion for mental disorders based on
interference
with daily
functioning
Biological Dysfunction
Criterion
for mental disorders based on
physiological
system breakdowns
Societal Disapproval
Criterion for mental disorders based on
deviation
from
social norms
DSM-V
Diagnostic manual
for mental disorders by the
American Psychiatric Association
Inter-rater reliability
Consistency of
diagnoses
between different clinicians
Comorbidity
Presence of
two
or more disorders in the
same
individual
Categorical
model
Classification of disorders into
distinct
categories
Dimensional
model
View of disorders as existing on a
continuum
of
severity
Medicalizing normality
Process of labeling normal behaviors as
pathological
Anxiety
Emotion characterized by
worry
and
somatic
symptoms
Fear
Response to immediate threat, different from
anxiety
Generalized
Anxiety Disorder (
GAD
)
Persistent worry, tension, and irritability across various areas.
-
60
% of each day worrying
- Female 〉Male
Panic
Disorder
Recurrent panic attacks with persistent fear of
future
attacks
Phobias
Intense
fear
of specific objects or
situations
agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which
escape
isdifficult or
embarrassing.
Specific
Phobia
fear
of objects, places, or situations.
Social
Anxiety
Disorder
Intense fear of
negative
evaluation in social situations.
-
public
speaking
- meeting
new
ppl
- eating in
public
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (
OCD
)
Marked by
obsessions
and compulsions causing
distress.
-
1
hr a day
Common
Obsesson
-
Contamination
or
germs
- Accidental
harm
to
self
or others
- Forbidden thoughts (
sex
,
aggression
, religion/blasphemy)
-
Symmetry
and
exactness
- Need for
perfection
common compulsions
- Hand-washing Repetitive cleaning of already clean things
- Rechecking of locks, windows,
faucets
,
oven
- Performing
tasks
in set ways, arranging/rearranging,
counting
, tapping/touching
-
mental
rituals
Hoarding Disorder
Excessive acquisition of unnecessary items with
difficulty discarding
Learning Models of Anxiety
Acquisition
and maintenance of anxiety through
conditioning
Cognitive
Factors
Thinking styles and attentional focus affecting
anxiety
catastrophic thinking
predicting terrible events despite
low
probability.
Anxiety
Sensitivity
negative
misinterpretation/fear of
minor
physical symptom
Biological Influences
Genetic
and neurochemical factors influencing
anxiety
disorders
Major Depressive
Disorder (
MDD
)
Common mood disorder characterized by persistent
sadness
major depressive episode
(
5
or more symptoms for at least
2
weeks)
Major Depression Characteristics
Includes recurrent episodes lasting
6
months to
1
year.
Recurrent Episodes
Experiencing
5-6
episodes of major
depression
in a lifetime.
Depressive Realism
Having a more
accurate
view of circumstances.
Learned Helplessness
Tendency to feel helpless in
uncontrollable
situations.
Cognitive Distortions
Includes
selective abstraction
and
overgeneralization.
Bipolar
Disorder
Involves
depressive
and
manic
episodes.
Manic Episode
Characterized by
elevated
mood,
decreased
need for sleep.
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