VOCAB 2024

• Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate into many different types of cells in the body
• Types of stem cells

  • Embryonic stem cells
  • Adult stem cells
• Embryonic stem cells


  Derived from embryos and can differentiate into any cells
• Adult stem cells


  Found in the body and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types
• Stem cell transplant

  1. Replaces stems cells from a donor

  2. Performed when a patient's stem cells or bone marrow have been damaged by disease, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy

  3. Stem cells can be collected from the bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord
• Hierarchy of an organism

  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • System
  • Organism
• Cell


  The smallest functioning unit of an organism
• Tissue


  A group of cells that perform a similar, limited function
• Types of tissues

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nerve

  
• Organ


  A structure composed of different tissues to perform a complex function
• Organ system


  A system of one or more organs that work together to perform a vital bodily function
• Blood is considered connective tissue

  
• Components of the digestive system

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus

  
• Digestion in the mouth

  1. Food undergoes mechanical breakdown (mastication) and chemical breakdown through the saliva to form a bolus

  2. Epiglottis seals off the trachea during swallowing to direct the bolus to the esophagus
• Bolus


  A ball-like mixture of food and saliva
• Digestion in the esophagus

  Esophagus is a muscular tube that contracts through peristalsis to move the bolus to the stomach
• Chyme


  The partially digested food that contains acids and enzymes
• Small intestine


  • Continues to digest and is the main site of absorption of nutrients
  • Consists of villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption
• Accessory organs of the digestive system

  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
• Liver


  Produces digestive enzymes and bile; also removes toxins from the blood
• Gall bladder


  Stores the bile that emulsifies fats
• Pancreas


  Produces insulin, which is a hormone that regulates blood glucose concentration after a meal
• Diseases of the digestive system

  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  • Gastric Ulcer
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

  Irritation of the esophageal lining due to acid from the stomach
• Gastric Ulcer


  Open sores that develop in the stomach lining

  
• Components of the circulatory system

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood

  
• Heart


  A pump that distributes nutrients and gases to every cell in the body
• Heart


  • Cardiac muscle tissue that contracts synergistically (at the same time) to pump blood throughout the body
  • Nerve tissue is responsible for the heart rate and can respond to stress, temperature, and physical activity
  • Epithelial tissue lines the inner surface of the heart to allow blood to flow freely; smooth layer of epithelial tissue on the outside reduces friction and protects the heart from damage
• Types of blood vessels

  • Artery
  • Capillary
  • Vein
• Artery


  Carries blood away from heart; have thick, muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure
• Capillary


  Connects arteries to veins; have one-cell thick walls to maximize diffusion of substances between blood and tissues
• Vein


  Carries blood to the heart; have thinner walls with valves to push blood back to the heart
• Components of blood

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Platelets
  • Plasma

  
• Erythrocytes


  Red blood cells that are biconcave in shape and contain hemoglobin that attaches to oxygen and carbon dioxide

  
• Leukocytes


  White blood cells that defend the body against pathogens
• Platelets


  Help in blood clotting
• Plasma


  Protein rich liquid that suspends the cells
• Diseases of the circulatory system

  • Varicose Veins
  • Atherosclerosis
• Varicose Veins


  Swollen or twisted veins underneath the skin
• Atherosclerosis


  Plaque (fat, cholesterol, calcium) buildup in the arteries