dev psych M8-9

• functional play - consisting of repeated

  practice in large muscular movements, such as rolling a ball.
• constructive play - is the

  use of objects or materials to make something, such as a house

  of blocks or a crayon drawing.
• dramatic play - involves imaginary objects, actions, or

  roles; it rests on the symbolic function, which emerges during the

  last part of the second year.
• self concept - “a cognitive construction . . . a system of

  descriptive and evaluative representations about the self”
• self concept - determines how we feel about ourselves and guides

  our actions
• self concept - focus in toddlerhood,

  as children develop self-awareness. It becomes clearer as a

  person gain in cognitive abilities.
• Children’s self-definition - the way they describe themselves—typically

  changes between about ages 5 and 7, reflecting self-concept development.
• AGE 4 - SINGLE REPRESENTATIONS
• AGE 5/6 - REPRESENTATIONAL MAPPINGS
• MIDDLE CHILDHOOD - REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEMS
• SINGLE REPRESENTATIONS AGE 4 - Children cannot imagine having two emotions at once
• AGE 5/6 REPRESENTATIONAL MAPPINGS - Children begins to make logical connections between one aspect of himself and another:
• Self descriptions MIDDLE CHILDHOOD - become more balanced and realistic
• SELF ESTEEM - self-evaluative part of the self-concept; the

  judgment children make about their overall worth.
• Self-esteem - in early childhood

  tends to be global, unrealistic, and unidimensional, reflecting

  adult approval.
• self-esteem is contingent - children may view failure or criticism as an indictment of their worth and may feel helpless to do

  better.
• noncontingent self-esteem -tend to

  attribute failure or disappointment to factors outside themselves or to the need to try harder.
• Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt
• EARLY CHILDHOOD 3 - 6 - Child develops initiative when trying out new activities,

  while overstepping boundaries may cause feelings of

  guilt.
• functional play - muscular movements, such as rolling a ball.
• constructive play - use of objects or materials to make something
• Mildred B. Parten - six types of play
• According to Parten - play

  becomes more social during early childhood. However, later

  research has found that nonsocial play is not necessarily

  immature.
• discipline - refers to methods of molding character and of teaching self-control and acceptable behavior.
• Corporal punishment - Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.
• INDUCTIVE REASONING - Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behaviour by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.
• POWER ASSERTION - Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.
• WITHDRAWAL OF LOVE - Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.
• Authoritarian parenting - set standard
• Permissive parenting - emphasizes self-expression and self-

  regulation. They consult with children about policy decisions

  and rarely punish.
• Authoritative parenting - emphasizes a child’s individuality but

  also stresses social constraints.
• SELF-ESTEEM - the judgment children make about their overall worth.
• Selfesteem - ability to describe and define themselves.
• Selfesteem - in early childhood

  tends to be global, unrealistic, and unidimensional, reflecting

  adult approval.
• selfesteem - is contingent on success,
• POWER ASSERTION - discourage undesirable
• INDUCTIVE REASONING - Setting limits, demonstrating logical consequences of an action, explaining, discussing,
• WITHDRAWAL OF LOVE - ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.
• Instrumental Aggression -used as a means of achieving a goal.
• Instrumental Aggression - when children fight over objects, territory or rights, and in the process someone gets hurt.