lesson 10-11

• Research design


  A plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind, serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework for your research study
• Research design


  • Includes many related aspects of your research work
  • Requires you to finalize your mind on the purpose, philosophical basis, and types of data on your research, including the method of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting the data
• Qualitative research designs


  • Case study
  • Ethnography
  • Historical study
  • Phenomenology
  • Grounded theory
• Case study


  Describes a person, thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of existence, aims to determine why such creature acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner, centers on an individual or single subject matter
• Case study


  • Methods of collecting data are interview, observation, and questionnaire
  • Has an advantage of dealing with a lot of factors to determine the unique characteristics of the entity
• Ethnography


  Involves a study of a certain cultural group or organization in which you obtain knowledge about the characteristics, organizational set-up, and relationships of the group members, in group activities
• Historical study


  Determines the reasons for changes or permanence of things in physical world in a certain period, differs from others due to its scope or coverage of study such as the number of years covered, the kinds of events focused on, and the extent of new knowledge or discoveries resulting from the historical study
• Historical study


  • Data collecting techniques are biography or autobiography reading, documentary analysis, and chronicling activities
  • Makes you interview people to trace series of events in the lives of people in a span of time
• Phenomenology


  Is something you experience on Earth as a person, a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in life such as death, joy, friendship, caregiving, defeat, victory, and the like
• Grounded theory


  Aims at developing a theory to increase your understanding of something in a psycho-social context, enables to develop theories to explain sociologically and psychologically influences phenomena for proper identification of a certain educational process
• Sampling


  Your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study
• Sample


  The 'chosen ones' from which you will derive facts and evidence to support claims or conclusions propounded by your research problem
• Population


  Bigger group from where you choose the sample
• Sampling frame


  The list of the members of such population from where you will get the sample
• Sampling originated back to the early political activities of the Americans in 1920
• Sampling strategies


  • Probability sampling or unbiased sampling
  • Non-probability sampling
• Probability sampling


  Involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by your study
• Sampling error


  Crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned, the smaller the sample is, the bigger the number of sampling errors
• Deciding the sample size is not easy, you have to mull over the expenses for questionnaires and interview trips, interview schedules, and time for reading respondent's answers
• The right sample size depends on whether or not the group is heterogeneous or homogeneous
• Types of probability sampling

  • Simple random sampling
  • Systematic sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Cluster sampling
• Simple random sampling


  The best type of probability sampling through which you can choose sample from a population, pure-chance of selection, assuring every member of the same opportunity to be in the sample
• Simple random sampling


  • Happens through having a list of all members of the population, writing each name on a card, and choosing cards through a pure-chance selection
  • Having a list of all members, giving a number to member and then using randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from the list
• Systematic sampling


  Chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the sample
• Stratified sampling


  The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage, a study needing group-by-group analysis finds stratified sampling the right probability sampling to use
• Cluster sampling


  Sampling that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members
• Non-probability sampling


  Disregards random selection of subjects, chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole direction of the researcher
• Types of non-probability sampling

  • Quota sampling
  • Voluntary sampling
  • Purposive or judgmental sampling
  • Availability sampling
  • Snowball sampling
• Quota sampling


  If you know the characteristics of the target population very well, you tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of the target population
• Voluntary sampling


  Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are the one volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need for you to do any selection process
• Purposive or judgmental sampling


  You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of you study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest in your study
• Availability sampling


  The willingness of a person as your subject to interact
• Snowball sampling


  Deals with varied groups of people, free to obtain data from any group just like snow freely expanding and accumulating at a certain place