Pre-finals Ethics

• Ethical Dilemma


  a complex situation where ethical principles or values are conflict
• Ethical Decision Making


  your ethics are your personal standards of right and wrong
• Ethical Decision Making


  They are your basis for making ethically sensitive decisions
• Ethical Decision Making


  a cognitive process that considers various ethical principles, rules, and virtues or the maintenance of relationships to guide or judge individual or group decisions or intended actions.
• 3 Factors that Affect Ethical Decision Making


  Ethical Issue Intensity

  Individual Factors

  Opportunity
• Ethical Issue Intensity


  can be defined as the relevance or importance of an ethical issue in the eyes of the individual, group, and/or organization
• Gender


  women are generally “more ethical” than men.
• Ethical Issue Intensity


  reflects the ethical sensitivity of the individual or group that faces the ethical decision-making process
• Education or work experience


  the more education or work experience that one has, the better he or she is at ethical decision making
• Nationality


  cultural appears to be significant in affect of ethical decision-making.
• Age


  the older you are, the more ethical you are
• Locus of control


  external control vs. Internal control
• External Control


  see themselves as going with the flow
• Internal Control


  believe that they control the events in their lives by their own effort and skill
• Opportunity


  describes the conditions that limits or permits ethical or unethical behavior
• Opportunity


  results from conditions that either provide rewards, whether internal or external or fail to erect barriers against unethical behavior
• Ethical Decision Making Process


  Identify the Ethical Problem

  Collect Revelant Information

  Evaluate the Information

  Consider Alternatives

  Make a Decision

  Act or Implement

  Review the Action
• Identify the Ethical Problem


  if there is a possible violation of an important ethical principle, societal law, or organizational standard or policy
• Identify the Ethical Problem


  if there are potential consequences that should be sought or avoided that emanate from an action being considered to resolve the problem
• Collect Relevant Information


  The decision-maker should seek to gather as much information as possible about which rights are being forsaken and to what degree
• Collect Relevant Information


  A consequential focus would prompt the decision-maker to attempt to measure the type, degree, and amount of harm being inflicted or that will be inflicted on others
• Evaluate the Information


  Once the information has been collected, the decision-maker must apply some type of standard or assessment criterion to evaluate the situation
• Evaluate the Information


  The decision-maker might use one of the predominant ethics theories-utilitarianism, rights, or justice
• Consider Alternatives


  The decision-maker needs to generate a set of possible action alternatives, such as:

  • confronting another person's actions
  • seeking a higher authority
  • stepping in and changing the direction of what is happening.
• Make a Decision


  The decision-maker should seek the action an alternative that is supported by the evaluation criteria used in Step 3
• Make a Decision


  A decision-maker selects a course of action that is supported by all the ethics theories or other evaluation criteria used in the decision-making process
• Act or Implement


  The decision-maker, if truly seeking to resolve the problem being considered must take action
• Act or Implement


  Once the action alternatives have been identified in Step 4 and the optimal response is selected in Step 5, the action is taken in Step 6
• Review the Action


  Once the action has been taken and the results are known, the decision-maker should review the consequences of the action
• Review the Action


  If the optimal resolution to the problem is not achieved, the decision maker may need to modify the actions being taken or return to the beginning of the decision-making process
• Ethical Dilemma


  When faced with a difficulty ethical dilemma, we need ethical decision making ability to resolve it
• Ethical Dilemma


  It helps one determine the right course of action or the right thing to do and also enables one to analyze whether another's decisions or actions are right or good