GENBIO CM2 PT2

• cytoplasm is also called as "everything inside"
• cytoplasm - watery solutions of minerals, gases, organic molecules and cell organelles that is found in between the cell membrane and the nucleus
• cytosol - the watery portion of cytoplasm
• nucleoplasm - can be seen inside the nucleus
• organelles - allows different functions to be compartmentalized ( organized in different parts) in different areas of the cell
• you can think of organelles as a kitchen cooking meals where you need to make stations to make it more efficient
• endoplasmic reticulum - it is where proteins and glycoproteins are made
• endoplasmic reticulum - proteins and glycoproteins are made here because the ribosomes are located here which is responsible for the protein synthesis
• endoplasmic reticulum is also called as the biosynthetic factory of the cell
• Rough ER - is rough because it has ribosomes
• Rough ER - provides a large surface area for the sythesis of proteins and glycoproteins
• Rough ER - provides a pathway for the transport of proteins throughout the cell
• Smooth ER - is smooth because it lacks ribosomes
• Smooth ER is often Tubular in appearance
• Smooth ER stores, transport, and synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
• Smooth ER is where DNA IS NOT made because it is the one that instructs what to do
• Ribosomes is also known as the "protein factory".
• Ribosomes - it is small cytoplasmic granules found in all cells
• Ribosomes - may occur in the cytoplasm ( free ribosomes) or be associated with the rough er
• Ribosomes can be 80s that can be found in eukaryotic cells about 25 m
• ribosomes can size up to 70s that can be found in prokaryotic cells that can also tend to be slightly smaller
• Svedberg unit is used to describe the size of the ribosomes
• the more ribosomes the more proteins
• Enzymes - catalize chemical reactions
• Enzymes - is mostly made out of membranes in order to communicate
• you will know that a certain thing is an enzyme when its name has ase on it
• all proteins are enzymes
• free floating ribosomes - products will be incorporated in chemical reactions and catalyzed by the enzymes
• proteasome - takes care of the toxic and error proteins
• proteasome - a barrel-shaped organelle made of enzymes that cut protein molecules apart (protease enzymes)
• proteasome is particularly important during cell division and during embryonic development when great changes are taking place very rapidly as cells become specialized
• anti oxidants attacks free radicals
• free radicals make you look older and are mostly made out of proteins
• proteins attack free radicals ( functional for oxidative stress )
• Golgi apparatus is more compact than smooth er
• cis phase of golgi apparatus - receives
• golgi apparatus consists of cistarnae ( mattened sacal, with veiscles (small rounded hallow structures
• pinching of vesicles forms individual vesicles
• add carbohydrates to protein to form glycoproteins
• golgi apparatus produce secretory enzymes and carbohydrates