GENBIO CM2

• animal cell structure has several similar structural features: cell membrane, a nucleus and cell organelles
• cell membrane is called as the " Fluid Mosaic Model"
• Cell Membrance forms the outer boundary of the cell and surrounds the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus and is selectively permeable
• Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two layers of lipids that are hydrophilic on both sides and hydrophobic inside
• Proteins embedded within the membrane serve various functions such as transporting molecules across the membrane or acting as receptors to receive signals from other cells
• The Cell Membrane consists of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoprotein, and carbohydrates.
• if a cell membrane is not permeable, other certain substances that shouldn't be allowed to enter the cell can be very harmful
• phospholipids are the most abundant and they permit lipid-soluble materials to easily enter or leave the cell
• phospholipids are the main fabric of the membrane
• cell membrane controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water and oxygen in and out of a cell
• Cholesterol decreases the fulidity of the membrane
• proteins are also known as the transmembrane protein which are embedded in the membrane bilayer
• phospolid bilayer is the thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules
• a phospholipid is amphipathic
• hydrophilic means the " water-loving" region while Hydrophobic means the " water-fearing" region
• hydrophobic tails are sheltered while hydrophilic heads are exposed
• label the following

  A) two phospholipids

  B) Hydrophilic Tails

  C) Hydrophobic Tail

  
• cell walls can be rigid or flexible depending on the type of organism
• rigid cell walls are found in bacteria and fungi
• the cell wall provides structural support to the cell, protects it from osmotic lysis, and prevents the cell from bursting when there's too much pressure inside.
• The cell wall is composed mainly of polysaccharides (carbohydrates), which form long chains that crosslink with other carbohydrate chains through covalent bonds.
• there are two types of proteins these are extrinsic which occur either on the surface of the bilayer or only partly embedded to it while Intrinsic proteins it complemety spans the phospholipid bilayer from one sided to the other.
• intrinsic proteins are fully embedded into the membrane
• extrinsic proteins have their N-terminal end exposed to the outside environment while intrinsic proteins have both ends buried within the lipid bilayer
• functions of the protein in the cell membrane provides structural support, acts as carriers transporting water-soluble substances across the membrane, allow active transport across the membrane by forming on channels for sodium, potassium, etc. , form recognition by identifying cells, help cells adhere together, acts as receptors (for hormones)
• the mosaic part of the cell membrane is the phospholipid for the main fabric of the membrane but the proteins determine the most of the membrane's functions
• the 4 common unique components of the cell includes the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and Ribosomes
• Label the following Endosymbotic theory

  A) Aerobic Prokaryote

  B) photosynthetic Prokaryote

  C) Chloroplast

  D) Mitochondrion

  
• nucleus is the most prominent features of a eukaryotic cell. it is usally spherocal and contains the organism's hereditary material that alsoo controls the entry and the exit of the materials and contains the reactions taking place within it
• parts of the nucleus includes nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromatin and the nucleolus
• nuclear envelope has an outer and inner membrane and is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. its outer membrane is continous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and often has ribosomes on its surface
• the nuclear envelope has an inner membrane that is connected to the er
• nuclear pores typically has around 3,000 pores in each nucleus each has 40-1000nm in diameter. it allows the passage of larger molecules such as messenger RNA found outside the nucleus
• nucleoplasm is the granular, jelly- like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
• mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production. it is surrounded by two membranes; the inner membrane folds to form cristae which increases the surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation.
• nucleolus is a small dense body located near the center of the nucleus where rRNAs are synthesized
• chromatin are long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones which form structures known as nucleosomes. they are tightly coiled into threadlike structures called chromatids
• chloroplasts are organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. they contain chlorophyll pigments which absorb light energy from sunlight
• ribosome is made up of proteins and rRNAs. it synthesizes protein using mRNA as template
• endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened sacs called cisternae. it consists of rough ER and smooth ER