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• 2000 BC


  Sewage disposal

  written medical prescriptions
• Circa 1900 B. C


  Code of Hammurabi
• 5th and 6th centuries bc


  Evidence that Greek men participated in games

  of strength and skill and swam in public facilities.
• Circa 1500 B. C.


  Book of Leviticus
• 5th and 6th centuries bc


  Greeks were involved in practice of community sanitation;
• 5th and 6th centuries bc


  Romans were community minded
• 5th and 6th centuries bc


  Christians created hospitals as benevolent charitable organization
• A. D. 476


  Roman Empire fell and most public health activities ceased
• A.D 500-1000


  (Dark Ages)
• A.D 500-1000


  growth of spirituality
• A.D 543


  Deadliest epidemics were from plague ("Black Death")
• A.D. 1200


  More than 19,000 leper houses
• A.D. 1200


  Other epidemics of period: Smallpox, diphtheria, measles, influenza, tuberculosis,

  anthrax, and trachoma
• A. D. 1492


  Syphilis epidemic was last epidemic of the period
• Renaissance and Exploration ( 1500-1700)


  Rebirth of thinking about the nature of world and humankind.
• Renaissance and Exploration ( 1500-1700)


  Belief that disease was caused by environmental, not spiritual factors; for

  example, the term malaria , meaning bad air , is a direct reference to humid or

  swampy air.
• 1662


  John Graunt published the Observations on the Bills of Mortality , which

  was the beginning of vital statistics
• 1665


  Epidemics (e.g., smallpox, malaria, and plague) still rampant; plague epidemic

  killed 68,596 (15% of the population) in London
• Eighteenth Century (1700s)


  Period characterized by industrial growth; workplaces were unsafe and unhealthy

  (Cities were overcrowded, and water supplies were inadequate and often

  unsanitary. Streets were usually unpaved, filthy, and heaped with trash and

  garbage. Many homes had unsanitary dirt floors)
• 1793


  yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia
• 1796


  Dr. Edward Jenner successfully demonstrated smallpox vaccination
• 1798


  Marine Hospital Service (forerunner to U.S. Public Health Service) was

  formed
• 1799


  several of America's largest cities, including

  Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore, had municipal boards of health
• First Half of Nineteenth Century (1800-1848)


  U.S. government's approach to health was laissez faire (noninterference)
• 1813


  first visiting nurse in United States
• 1849


  London cholera epidemics
• 1850


  Modern era of public health begins
• 1850


  Lemuel Shattuck's report. It included recommendations for the

  establishment of boards of health, the collection of vital statistics, the

  implementation of sanitary measures, and research on diseases.
• 1863


  Louis Pasteur proposed germ theory
• 1872


  American Public Health Association founded
• 1875-1900


  Bacteriological period of public health
• 1876


  Robert Koch established relationship between a particular microbe and a

  particular disease
• 1900


  Major Walter Reed announced that yellow fever was transmitted by

  mosquitoes
• 1900-1920


  The Reform Phase
• 1902


  First national-level voluntary health agency created
• 1906


  Upton Sinclair's The Jungle was published

  The unsafe working conditions of the plight of the immigrants working
• 1910


  First International Congress on Occupational Diseases in Chicago
• 1911


  First local health department established
• 1913


  American Cancer Society founded
• 1917


  United States ranked 14th of 16 in maternal death rate