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• Lesson 1: Health Promotion, Risk Reduction, and Capacity-Building Strategies


  • Health Promotion
  • Health Protection
  • Risk and Health
  • Risk Assessment
  • Risk Reduction
  • Risk Communication
  • Diet and Health
  • Obesity & Overweight Concerns in the Philippines
  • Physical Activity & Health
  • Factors for Suitable Walking
• Health Promotion


  Any combination of health education and related organizational, economic, and environmental supports for the behavior of individuals, groups, or communities conducive to health
• Health Promotion


  Behavior that is motivated by the desire to increase well-being and to reach the best possible health potential
• Health Protection


  Refers to behaviors in which one engages with the specific intent to: prevent disease, detect disease in the early stages, maximize health within the constraints of disease
• Health Protection


  • Immunization
  • Cervical cancer screening
• Risk


  The probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame
• Risk Factor


  An exposure that is associated with a disease
• Criteria for Establishing a Risk Factor

  • The frequency of the disease varies by category or amount of the factor
  • The risk factor must precede the onset of the disease
  • The association's concern must not be due to any source of error
• Other Criteria by Friis and Sellers (2004)


  • Strength of the Association
  • Consistency with Repetition
  • Specificity
  • Plausibility
• Risk Assessment


  A systematic way of distinguishing the risks posed by potentially harmful exposures
• 4 Main Steps of Risk Assessment

  • Hazard Identification
  • Risk Description
  • Exposure Assessment
  • Risk Estimation
• Health is directly related to


  The activities in which we participate, the food we eat, the substances to which we are exposed daily
• 2 Types of Risks

  • Modifiable Risk Factors
  • Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
• Risk Reduction


  A proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to their health
• Risk Communication


  The process through which the public receives information regarding possible or actual threats to health
• Diet is one of the most modifiable risk factors
• A healthy diet contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, cancers
• Obesity & Overweight Concerns in the Philippines

  • Affecting about 7 out of 10 women and 1 out of 10 men
  • Known as the android-shaped type or apple-shaped type where abdominal fat accumulation is measured using the waist-to-hip ratio
  • WHR ≥ 1.0 in men = android/apple-shaped obese
  • WHR ≥ 0.85 in women = android/apple shaped obese
  • Determined by a complex interplay among metabolism, genetics, behavior, environment, culture, socioeconomic status
• Reasons why people engage in physical activity

  • Achieve weight management
  • Increased energy
  • Better appearance
  • Fit into favorite clothes
  • Prevent the development or worsening of a chronic health condition
  • Manage stress
  • Improve mood and self-esteem
• The physical activity of Filipino adults aged 20 years and above is low: 92.7% have low leisure-related physical activity, 94.5% have low travel-related physical activity, 75.4% have low non-work-related physical activity, 76.3% have low work-related physical activity
• Factors for Suitable Walking

  • Walking Path Modal Conflict
  • Availability of Walking Paths
  • Availability of Crossings
  • Grade Crossing Safety
  • Motorist Behavior
  • Amenities
  • Disability Infrastructure
  • Obstructions
  • Security from Crime
• Grade Crossing Safety


  • Assesses exposure to other modes of transportation when crossing roads
  • Assesses time spent waiting and crossing the street
  • Assesses amount of time given to pedestrians to cross intersections with signals
• Motorist Behavior


  • Considers the speed at which they drive
  • Considers their compliance with traffic rules
  • Considers their awareness of pedestrians
• Amenities


  • Assesses the availability of benches
  • Assesses the availability of streetlights
  • Assesses the availability of public toilets along walking paths
• Disability Infrastructure


  • Assesses the accessibility of walking paths for people with disabilities, including the presence of ramps and elevators
• Obstructions


  • Assesses the presence of parked cars
  • Assesses the presence of vendors
  • Assesses the presence of street furniture
• Security from Crime


  • Assesses the presence of police and security personnel
  • Assesses the level of lighting on walking paths
  • Assesses the presence of CCTV cameras
• Sleep is an essential component of chronic disease prevention and health promotion
• Sleep needs by age group

  • Newborns (1-2 months): 10.5-18 hours
  • Infants (3-11 months): 9-12 hours during the night and 30-minute to 2-hour naps, 1-4 times a day
  • Toddlers (1-3 years): 12-14 hours
  • Preschoolers (3-5 years): 11-13 hours
  • School-aged children (5-12 years): 10-11 hours
  • Teens (11-17 years): 8.5-9.25 hours
  • Adults and older adults: 7-9 hours
• Sleep needs are regulated by

  • The number of hours we are awake
  • Circadian biological clock in the brain (suprachiasmatic nucleus which responds to light)
• The circadian rhythm is why we are sleepiest between 2:00 and 4:00 am and 1:00 and 3:00 pm
• Sleep hygiene practices


  • Avoid caffeine and nicotine close to bedtime
  • Avoid alcohol as it can cause sleep disruptions
  • Retire and get up at the same time every day
  • Exercise regularly, but finish all exercise and vigorous activity at least 3 hours before bedtime
  • Establish a regular, relaxing bedtime routine
  • Create a dark, quiet, cool sleep environment
  • Have comfortable bedding
  • Use the bed for sleep only; do not read, listen to music, or watch tv in bed
  • Avoid large meals before bedtime
• Smoking cessation is an important step in achieving optimum health
• The economic impact of smoking is estimated at 12% of GDP spent for tobacco-related disease, loss productivity, and death
• Smoking prevalence rate (age 15 and older)

  • 48% for male
  • 9% for female
• Withdrawal symptoms experienced by smokers trying to quit

  • Anxiety
  • Increased appetite
  • Irritability
  • Difficulty concentrating
• Helpful actions to quit smoking

  • Nicotine replacement
  • Pharmaceutical alternatives
  • Hypnosis
  • Acupuncture
• Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug
• In 2003-2005, consumption of alcohol by Filipinos aged 15 years and older was estimated at 6.4 liters per capita
• Drinkers had a per capita consumption of 17 liters, with male drinkers consuming 19 liters and female drinkers consuming 10.9 liters