ETHICS

• is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior, it is only right to comprehend and appreciate its impact in the over-all understanding of people of who they are and in their decision makings”

  Culture
• This is what separates communal groups from each other. They are known by their distinct traditions and beliefs that they hold dear.

  Culture Provides identity to the people in the society
• Laws in our society is born out of the norms which are the socially acceptable behavioral patterns in the community. These norms are held with supreme importance and so people make sure that they are systematized and followed by all

  Culture mirrors the laws of the land
• It is always what the communal group invokes in matters of decisions, practices and traditions.

  Culture unifies people in ways that only those who belong in that society understands
• Culture provides the rules of the games in the society through our cultural norms, it is the culture that molds, if not dictates, the values that should be adhered to by the people

  Culture influences our concept of morality
• A startling fact about the United States and perhaps in most developed countries, is that for most their citizens, the last person who will literally touch them will be a stranger – a nurse, an aide, a doctor.
• For Filipinos, believe that children must personally take care of their elderly parents. But with contemporary sociological reality that a good number of Filipino parents are leaving their families to work abroad, we must recognize that for some of our elderly parents, a nursing home is the be best choice available. Frail people can get better care when all the proper equipment is right at hand.
• Families are drawn together by ties that are more than what they can do for one another. The ideal is to have both economically independent elderly and grown children, who want to take care of their parents, even live with them. Family life, everything else being equal, is better than institutional life; being in a caring community is better than living alone.
• comes from an ancient Greek word which was originally used to refer to mark impressed upon a coin.

  charakter
• The Greek word used by Aristotle was commonly translated as virtue, which is perhaps better translated as “goodness” or “excellence”.

  arete
• it plays a crucial role in the formation of someone’s moral character, biological or not, the family that one considers to have has an immense impact

  Family
• Factors affecting the values of a parent could teach a child

  -Socioeconomic status

  -Culture

  -Age

  -Gender

  -Religion

  -Education
• à  biological factors such as age, sex, and gender may also have an impact on the value formation. It is supposed that as one grows older, the moral character one has should also grow or improve.

  Biological Constitution
• as we become exposed to more people, we are pressured in trying to belong or be accepted. Peers, friends, classmates and colleagues are also influences in our moral character.

  Peer
• most of a person’s life before adulthood is commonly spent in school, the school and it’s teachers enhance the students’ moral character

  School
• to be part of a community means to also share their beliefs and practice their traditions or culture. A community could pertain to a “locality, neighborhood, town, city, or even nation”

  Community
• The first two stages formed what is termed as the premoral level because value is placed not in persons or social standards but in physical acts and needs

  Level I: Premoral
• base their decisions on personal fear and the avoidance of punishment.

  Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
• asserts that individuals are concerned only primarily with satisfying their own needs. They view actions as right when it promotes one’s self-interest. The exchange of favors figures prominently at this stage, it upholds the saying “you scratch my back, and I will scratch yours”

  Stage 2: Self-Gratification Orientation
• The value is places in maintaining the conventional social order and the expectations of others. Individuals belonging to level II recognize that others are similar to themselves, and they are motivated to conform to the group’s norms

  Level II: Conventional
• persons internalize the values of others, such as parents and peer groups. They resolve moral dilemmas by determining how those whom they admire would behave or want them to behave.

  Stage 3: Approval-of-others orientation
• Persons belonging to this stage base their thinking on the dictates of established authorities, they maintain that rules and obligations are necessary for a stable society.

  Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation
• The third level represents the higher values and questioning of the existing legal system in the light of social utility and abstract principles, such as justice and human dignity. Persons belonging to this level no longer blindly accept the values and norms of the group but try to see situations from a viewpoint that impartially takes everyone’s interests into consideration.

  Level III: Principles
• Rules or expectations, contain an arbitrary element: they are made for social purposes and these purposes can change. This social contract orientation includes recognition of the value of constitutional rights and legal procedures.

  Stage 5: Social-Contract Orientation
• The person has fully internalized moral principles held as universally valid. Right action is defined in terms of these principles, chosen because of logical comprehensiveness, their universality, and their consistency.

  Justification in this level is the Golden Rule

  Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principles Orientation

• is a fact of moral life. It is something that we can never do away with. It is embedded in the crucial decisions that we make, particularly in moments that we are faced with what is and what should be.

  Moral Conflict
• arise due to inconsistency in our principles.

  Moral dilemmas
• The dilemma here is when the employee’s ethical standards are in opposition to that  of his or her employer, which could lead to tensions in the workplace.

  Individual
• Ethical standards are seen in company policies. Still and all, there might be a gap between those who run the business whose ethical standards deviate from that of the organization. This might cause ethical challenges and conflicts for those who are working in the company

  Organizational
• • Ethics is predisposed by the larger operating environment of the company.
  • Political pressures, economic conditions, societal attitudes and others, can affect the operating standards and policies of the organization where it might face moral dilemmas outside the organization but within the macro-society where it belongs

  Systemic
• can affect the operating standards and policies of the organization where it might face moral dilemmas outside the organization but within the macro-society where it belongs

  • Political pressures
  • Economic conditions
  • Societal attitudes
• pointed out the moral rightness and wrongness apply only to free agents who have the capacity to regulate their behavior and have it in their power, at the time of their action, either to act rightly or not.

  Immanuel Kant
• • It is an action that proceeds from the deliberate free will of man
  • It is an act that is deliberate and knowingly performed by one having the use of reason.
  • Both intellect and will are in play
  • It is an act proper to man as man

  Human Act
• • It must be performed by a conscious agent who is aware of what he is doing and of its consequences.
  • It must be performed by an agent who is acting freely, that is, by his own volition and powers.
  • It must be performed by an agent who decides willfully to perform the act.

  Attributes of Human Act
• “Human act must, therefore, be KNOWING, FREE AND WILLFUL. The lack of any of these attributes renders an act defective and less voluntary”
• It is not dependent upon intellect and will.

  Act of Man
• “In judging the morality of acts, we are concerned only with human acts. The moral law has nothing to do with acts of man.”
• Moralist technically call it the object

  The Act Itself
• It is the reason for which the act is performed, it is the intention of the agent

  Purpose
• Are factors distinct from the act itself and from the purpose which may affect the morality of the act

  Circumstances