ANAPHY LAB

• 90% of RMT uses Microscope
• Areas where microscope is used

  • Bacteriology (sputum, urine, and other body fluids)
  • Parasitology (parasites)
  • Mycology (fungi)
  • Electron Microscope - viruses
• 10% of RMT are not using a microscope
• Different Types of Microscope

  • Compound Light Microscope
  • Electron Microscope
  • SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope
  • TEM - Transmission Microscope

  
• Microscope


  Instruments used in science and laboratories to visualize very minute objects such as cells, tissues, and microorganisms, giving contrasting images that are magnified

  
• Microscope lenses


  Made up of lenses from magnification, each with its magnification powers. Depending on the type of lens, it will magnify the specimen according to its focal strength

  
• Microscopes allow seeing great detail of objects that are hundreds of times too small to see with the naked eye
• First compound light microscope

  1590
• Robert Hooke pores of 'cork' under the microscope

  1655
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the First to see a single-cell organism in pond water
• Mechanical Parts of Compound Microscope

  • Base
  • Pillars
  • Arm
  • Stage
  • Stage clip
  • Draw tube
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • Course adjustment knob
  • Fine adjustment knob
• Optical Parts of Compound Microscope

  • Ocular/eyepiece
  • Objective Lenses (Scanning, Low Power, High Power, Oil Immersion)

  
• Illuminating Parts of Compound Microscope

  • Illuminator/lamp
  • Mirror
  • Sub-stage (Iris Diaphragm, Condenser)
• Total Magnification


  Magnification x Ocular Lens
• Using The Microscope


  1. Always carry with 2 hands

  2. Never touch the lenses with your fingers

  3. Only use lens paper for cleaning

  4. Do not force knobs

  5. Keep objects clear of desks and cords

  6. When finished, rotate the nosepiece to LPO, roll the stage down to the lowest level, rubber the cord, and then replace the dust cover
• Focusing Specimens


  1. Always start with the scanning

  2. Once focused on Scanning, switch to LPO

  3. Now switch to HPO

  4. Scanning - use course knob

  5. LPO - use course knob

  6. HPO - use fine knob
• Objective Lens Magnification


  • Scanning 4x
  • LPO 10x
  • HPO 40x
  • OIO 100x
• Ocular Lens Magnification


  • 10x
• Total Magnification


  • Scanning 40x
  • LPO 100x
  • HPO 400x
  • OIO 1000x
• Parts of the skeletal system

  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendon

  
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Support the body
  • Protection of soft organs
  • Movements due to attached skeletal muscle
  • Storage of Minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation
• The human skeleton has 206 bones
• Types of bone tissue

  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
• Basic bone shapes


  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
• Bone fracture


  A break in bone
• Types of Joints


  • Hinge
  • Ball and Socket
• Rheumatoid arthritis


  Usually affects joints symmetrically, may initially begin in a couple of joints only and most frequently attacks the wrists, hands, elbows, shoulders, knees, and ankles
• two types of skeletal system: axial and appendicular skeleton
• ligament is bone to bone
• tendons is muscle to bone
• Compact bone is Homogeneous
• spongy bone is small needle like pieces of bone
• Long bones are longer than they are wide
• Short are usually square in shape, cube like
• Flat are flat , curve
• Irregular- odd shapes
• A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Kne
• A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction
• cervical vertebrae are c1 to c7
• thoracic vertebrae are t1 to t12