History: medicine through time

• Hippocrates


  The Theory of the Four Humours
• Four humours


  • Black bile
  • Yellow bile
  • White phlegm
  • Blood
• If the four humours are out of balance

  You will become ill
• Curing illness by the four humours

  1. Purging

  2. Bloodletting

  3. Vomiting
• Arteries


  Carried blood
• The Dark Ages were very sad times, with war and poverty
• Theory of Opposites


  Method to balance humours
• Supernatural approach


  The Church said sickness is punishment
• The Church supported Galen and only allowed dissection, but according to the four humours
• The Church believed the body was created by one God for a purpose
• People were treated by untrained surgeons - barber surgeons
• The Black Death in 1348 was caused by overcrowding, poor living conditions and terrible public health
• The Black Death was believed to be a curse from God for sin
• Treatments included not overeating, lighting candles to purify the air
• Causes of disease


  • Imbalance of the four humours
  • Miasma - bad air
  • Punishment from God
  • Witchcraft
• Astrology was a key part of medical training, with beliefs that planetary movements affected healing and caused disease
• Superstitious beliefs led to the persecution of minority groups like the Jews
• Respect for tradition, lack of education, and the Church's control led to a lack of scientific progress during the Middle Ages
• Treatments in the Middle Ages

  • Prayers
  • Pilgrimages
  • Flagellants
  • Herbal remedies
  • Bloodletting
  • Cupping
  • Purging
• Astrology was used to decide treatments based on the position of planets and alignment
• The Royal Society was established in 1660 to carry out experiments and further the understanding of science
• The Royal Society published the first scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, in 1665
• Richard Lower performed the first experimental blood transfusion in 1683
• Robert Hooke used a microscope to study small plants and animals, but did not understand bacteria
• Thomas Sydenham encouraged doctors to rely on observation and practical experience rather than just books
• Sydenham stated that the four humours theory was incorrect and that each disease had a different cause
• The Royal Society helped spread new ideas and challenged traditional beliefs
• Hospitals became more common, and surgery improved with more anatomical knowledge
• Herbal remedies remained popular, with new herbs and spices brought from overseas
• Attempts were made to prevent disease through measures like bathing less, checking the weather, and removing miasma from the air
• John Snow helped prevent cholera by identifying the cause and improving public health measures
• The germ theory of disease eventually replaced the miasma theory, leading to improved prevention and treatment
• Vaccination, antiseptic techniques, and blood transfusions were key medical advances in the 19th and early 20th centuries
• Alexander Ahomming
• Flong and chan elaborated
• 3D loages of the humm body
• Dected look has rose bodies
• Free vaccines, UK
• PETER MEDAWAR call histamine
• Ministry for Health. A Count's houses