Geography Paper 1

• Primary effects Nepal


  -7000 schools destroyed

  - 9000 died

  - 3 million left homeless sleeping in the cold

  - Tribhuvan International airport became congested as aid arrived
• Secondary effects Nepal


  -ground shaking triggered avalanches and landslides which blocked roads

  
  

  - avalanches on Mt Everest killed 19 people

  
  

  -landslide blocked Gandaki River - 140km from Kathmandu
• Immediate responses Nepal

  - financial aid from many countries (UK, India, China) - search and rescue teams, water and medical support.

  
  

  - field hospitals set up

  
  

  - 500,000 tents provided for shelter
• Long term responses Nepal

  - June 2015- Nepal hosted international conference seek technical and financial support from other countries

  
  

  - Tourism, a major source of income, to be boosted as heritage sites reopened and tourists began to return)

  
  

  - Stricter controls on building codes
• Primary effects Chile

  - 500 people killed

  
  

  - Santiago airport badly damaged

  
  

  - 4500 schools destroyed
• Secondary effects Chile


  - 1500km of roads damaged - remote communities cut off for days

  
  

  - Fire chemical plant Santiago

  
  

  - Several coastal towns destroyed
• Immediate responses

  - International help needed, supply field hospitals + floating bridges.

  
  

  - Power restored to 90% of homes within 10 days

  
  

  - Temporary repairs Route 5 north-south highway
• Long term responses

  - President announced 4 years recover fully

  
  

  - Housing reconstruction plan to help 200,000 households

  
  

  - Chile's strong economy, based on copper exports, could be rebuilt with no need for foreign aid
• Primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

  - Talcaban airport badly damaged

  - 6391 killed

  - 90% of talcoban ciry destroyed

  - 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
• Secondary effects of typhoon haiyan

  - looting and violence broke out in tacloban

  
  

  - Shortages of water, food and shelter - led to outbreak of disease

  
  

  - Landslides caused blocked roads - no aid
• Immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan

  - Uk government's sent shelter kits

  
  

  - 1200 evacuation centres set up to help the homeless

  
  

  - Us aircraft carrier 'George Washington' helicopters assisted search and rescue and delivering aid
• long-term responses of Typhoon Haiyan

  - Oxfam replaced fishing boats

  
  

  - Foreign donors including 'USA, Australia and EU' supported new livelihood opportunities

  
  

  - 'Cash for work programmes' helped rebuilding of roads of city, bridges and airports
• Impacts of deforestation - soil erosion

  - roots bind soil which leads to deforestation becoming loose and eroding away
• Causes of deforestation - logging

  largest exporter of tropical wood since 1980
• Causes of deforestation - Energy Development

  - Bakun Dam in Sarawak

  - Largest dam in Asia

  - Flooded 700 km of forest and farmland
• Causes of deforestation - Subsistence farming

  slash and burn fires grow out of control
• Causes of deforestation - Mineral Extraction

  - tin, oil and gas
• Causes of deforestation - Population Pressure

  - transmigration- poor urban people encouraged to move to the rainforest
• Impacts of deforestation - Loss of biodiversity

  -Destroys ecosystems, loss of many habitats

  - Many undiscovered plants which have medicinal qualities
• Impacts of deforestation - Climate change

  -Trees store carbon

  - reduces moisture in air resulting in a drier climate
• impacts of deforestation - economic development gains

  - Minerals such as gold are very valuable

  - mining + farming leads to more jobs

  
  

  - Companies pay taxes to government which can be used to improve public services

  
  

  - HEP will provide cheso and plentiful energy
• Impacts of deforestation economic developments - loses

  - pollution of water

  
  

  - increasingly dry climate can result in water shortages

  
  

  - fires can cause harmful pollution
• Value of tropical rainforest

  • Climate - 28% of the worlds oxygen comes from rainforests

  
  

  • Medicine - 25% of all medicines come from rainforest plants

  
  

  • People - indigenous tribes make use of forests resources without causing long term harm
• Strategies to manage rainforest sustainably - Conservation and education

  • Conservation and education- national parks and nature reserves used for education and scientific research
• Strategies to manage rainforest sustainability - Ecotourism

  • Ecotourism- needs to conserve the environment and provide a livelihood for locals
• Strategies to manage rainforest sustainably - Hardwood forestry

  • Hardwood forestry- Forest stewardship council (FSC) - promotes sustainable forestry
• Strategies to manage rainforest sustainably- Debt reduction

  • Debt reduction and carbon sinks - Sierra Leone has had its debt reduced to France in return for protecting rainforests
• Thar desert - mineral extraction (opportunities for development)

  • gypsum (plaster + cement)
  • sanu limestone from jaisalmer for India’s steel industry
• That desert - tourism (opportunities)

  • desert safaris on camels from jailsmer
  • Annual desert Festival each winter is a popular attraction
• Thar desert - Energy (opportunitie)

  • Coal thermal plant giral
  • Wind - India’s largest wind farm
  • (Jaisalmer Wind Park)
• Thar desert - Farming

  • Commercial: wheat and cotton irrigated using Indies Ghandi Canal
• Extreme temps - challenges

  • working outside very difficult
  • livestock need shade to protect them from the intense sun
• Water supply - challenges

  • shortages as population has grown and farming/industry has developed. 
  • Some sources of water include rivers/streams (only flow after rainfall) and underground aquifers obtained through wells (water is salty and poor quality )
  • Built the Indira Ghandi Canal to overcome these problems
• Accessibility - challenges

  • limited road network
  • tarmac melts
  • winds blow sand over roads
  • only accesible by camel
• Somerset levels - social impacts

  • Over 600 houses flooded
  • 16 farms evacuated 
  • Villages such as Moorland cut off.m - affected people's daily lives e.g. school , shopping
  • Power supplies cut off
• Somerset levels - economic impacts

  • Somerset County Council estimated £ 10 million damage 
  • Over 1000 livestock evacuated ( farmers affected )
  • Bristol to Taunton railway line closed at Bridgwater
• Somerset levels - Enviromental Impacts

  • Floodwaters heavily contaminated with sewage
  • A huge amount of debris had to be cleared
  • Stagnant water that had collected for months had to be re-oxygenated before being pumped back into rivers
• Somerset levels - Immediate responses

  • Villagers cut off by the floods used boats to go shopping or attend school 
  • Royal marines were sent in to help with flood relief 
  • Flooding on the Levels Action Group ( FLAG ) supported people in need of help
• Somerset levels - long term responses

  • £20 million Flood action Plan (Somerset County Council and the Environment Agency) launched to reduce the risk of future flooding 
  • March 2014 , 8km of River Tone and Parratt dredged to increase capacity of the river channel 
  • River banks raised and strengthened ,and more pumping stations will be built
• Banbury floods - Why was it required

  • 1998 - flooding led to closure of town's railway station, shut local roads and caused £12.5 million in damage with more than 150 homes and businesses affected. 
  • 2007- hit again by flooding with more homes and businesses affected as river burst banks after very heavy rain .