BIOO

• Levels of taxonomic hierarchy

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Domain


  Largest among all level of hierarchy
• Kingdom


  Encompasses large groups such as plants, animals and many more
• Phylum


  Subgroup within the kingdom
• Class


  Subgroup within a phylum
• Order


  Subgroup within a class
• Family


  Subgroup within an order
• Genus


  Subgroup within family; each genus is made up of species with uniquely shared traits
• Species


  Defined as unique group of organisms united by heredity or interbreeding
• Domain


  • Includes a much larger group of organisms
  • These groups are separated by whether or not an organized nucleus is present
• Kingdom


  • It is much more specific and it takes the combination of several characteristics to group these organisms
• Ancient bacteria


  • Prokaryotes
  • Unicellular
  • Cells don't have peptidoglycan
  • Mostly extremophiles
  • Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
• True bacteria & blue-green algae

  • Prokaryotes
  • Unicellular
  • Cells have peptidoglycan
  • Survives almost anywhere
  • Autotrophs, heterotrophs or chemoautotrophs
• Plant-like, animal-like & fungus-like organisms

  • Eukaryotes
  • Mostly unicellular, few are colonial and multicellular
  • Mostly aquatic
  • Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
  • Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotes


  • Mostly multicellular, very few unicellular
  • All are heterotrophs
  • Form spores for reproduction
  • The cell wall contains chitin
  • Breaks down organic material
  • Provides drugs and aids in food production
  • Model organism in genetics & molecular biology
  • Causes animal & plant diseases
• Eukaryotes


  • Multicellular
  • Autotrophs
  • Cells are enclosed by a rigid cell wall
  • Has chlorophyll
  • Producers
  • 2 major groups: Bryophytes, Tracheophytes
• MNEMONICS


  D ea r K ing P hilip C ame O ver F or G ood S oup
• Kingdoms


  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
  • Archaea
  • Protist
  • archaebacteria
  • animalia
  • eubacteria
  • fungi
  • plantae
• Porifera


  • Means pore-bearing
  • Comprises the sponges
  • Sponges are simple invertebrate animals that live in aquatic habitats
• Cnidaria


  • Comes from Greek word cnidos (stinging nettle)
  • All cnidarians are armed with stinging cells called nematocysts
• Mollusca


  • 2nd largest phylum of invertebrate
  • Members are mollusks
  • Found in nearly all freshwater & marine environments while others are in land
• Platyhelminthes


  • Other term is flatworm
  • Group of soft bodied usually much flattened invertebrates
  • 80% are parasitic
• Echinodermata


  • Contains animals with a "spiky skin"
  • Found in all of the world's oceans and are strictly salt water animals
  • Voracious predators
  • Have specialized tiny tube feet located on their bodies that contains suction cups on their tips
• Chordata


  • Contains all of the vertebrate animals (fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians & mammals)
  • As well as a couple of invertebrates(see squirt)
• Arthropoda


  • Largest animal phylum
  • Contains all insects, crabs, lobsters, spiders & scorpions
  • Their general characteristics includes jointed legs & an exoskeleton
• Panthera pardus


  Leopard, panther
• Systematics


  Study of biological diversity and the relationships among organisms
• Systematics includes


  • Taxonomy
  • Phylogenetics
• Taxonomy


  The science of describing naming and classifying species
• Phylogenetics


  The study of evolutionary relationship among species
• Why do scientists classify living organisms?
• Reasons for classifying living organisms

  • Determine known (and unknown) species
  • Define characteristics of each species
  • Determine relationships between species
• Aristotle


  Greek philosopher who classified all the animals and grouped creatures into hierarchy
• The Great Chain of Being


  Medieval metaphor illustrating hierarchy of being from God to the lowliest non-being
• Carolus Linnaeus


  Developed the Linnaean system (a taxonomic classification system), Organized organisms from larger to smaller and most specific categories, Created scientific naming system (binomial system of Nomenclature)
• Binomial nomenclature


  Two-part name (genus & specific epithet)
• Rules for writing scientific names

  • The name should be in Latin
  • The genus begins with a capital letter, the species with a lowercase letter
  • The entire name is italicized when typed and underlined when handwritten
  • All taxa must have an author when described
• Nomenclature Codes


  • International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) - Algae, Fungi and Plants
  • International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) - Animalia
  • International Code of Nomenclature Bacteria (ICNB) - Bacteria
  • International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) - Viruses
• How do scientists classify living organisms?

  • Morphological traits
  • Developmental traits
  • Genetic traits
• Domain


  Largest among all levels of hierarchy