Final

• Cuius Regio, huius religio: whose the realm, his the religion
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) - was a peace between the princes and Charles the 5th to allow the ruler of the land to choose the religion of the region
• John Calvin 1509 - 1564, was a French reformer who moved to Geneva and created a town under Christian Laws led by Christians. His Beliefs became known as Reformed
• Affair of the Placards (1534) : A French event where multiple placards or prints were set up around Paris, leading to Calvin leave the country
• Calvin’s growing personal authority in Geneva throughout 1541-1564
• John Calvin saw the Reformation as more than just a reform of the Church, but of Social reform as seen in Geneva
• Geneva became a city of refugees and training ground for Protestant (Calvinist) Pastors established in 1559, was a blue print for Calvist cities around europe
• Emden becomes the Geneva of the North (NW german and Netherland) by Reformer John à Lasco who was the superintended from 1540-1548
• Huldrych Zwingli (1484 - 1531) was a Swiss Reformed teacher who laid the groundwork for the Reformed tradition of Christianity. He first spoke against the Church in 1522.
• Martin Bucer (1491 - 1551) early convert to Luther but became part of the reformed tradition later in life
• John Knox (c. 1513 - 1572) fostered the Church of Scotland, or the Presbyterians
• 1551 Edict of Chateaubriand (which mentions Geneva 11 times) consolidates legislation against religious dissent and strictly regulates the book trade to censor influence from outside France
• 1550's in France: many Calvinist had converted in the French nobility
• March 1560 Amboise Conspiracy: Huguenot nobles attempt to seize the 16-year-old King Francois II at his chateau in Amboise, causing more tension in the Kingdom
• Catherine de Medici (d. 1589) originally tried to make France open to different belief systems, but with the continued violence, she started to persecute the protestants, now called Huguenots
• The First War of Religion, 1562-63

  • Duke of Guise attacked Calvinist worshipers in a barn at Vassy
  • Protestants seize Orleans
  • South Victories for Calvinists, leading to Iconicastic fights
  • Peace thanks to Catherine de Medici
• The Second War of Religion, 1567-68

  • Charles 9th is put on the thrown, under his Mothers instruction
  • Fears of an alliance with Philip II of Spain lead Huguenot leaders to renew war
  • Peace of Longumeau, March 1568
• The Third War of Religion, 1568-70

  • Highly respected Huguenot captain is “executed” in effigy in Paris
  • Involvement of Huguenot armies in the Dutch revolt
  • Catholic resentments over Charles’s plan to establish a dynastic alliance with the Protestant Prince Henry of Bourbon
• The Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (August 1572)

  • Marriage of Charles sister brings many nobles to town
  • (22) Admiral Coligny is shot and injured
  • (24) Troops of Henry, Duke of Guise, murder Coligny, whose corpse is dragged through Paris
  • Violance breaks out
• Charles the 9th takes credit for the St. Bartholomew massacre by October nearly 3000 people are dead
• Many protestants leave france in 1572, Catholics celebrate, while Protestance justify their actions
• “War of the Three Henrys” breaks out in 1585 over the succession: The war lasted until 1589 when Henry of Navarre lived so became Henry the 4th
• Henry of Guise is assassinated, in 1589, Henri III is assassinated, making Henri IV king. He, recognizing the difficulty of turning France Protestant, converted to Catholicism in 1593. But later (1598) he issues the Edict of Nantes, granting full toleration to French Protestants for the first time
• Erasmus of Rotterdam (c.1469 - 1536) Published the first published New Testament from Greek. aka The Prince of Humanists
• Christophe Plantin (c. 1520 – 1 July 1589) Successful printing houses in Antwerp and Leiden, active throughout the first phase of the Dutch Revolt and often caught in the crossfires
• Charles V consistently persecuted Lutherans (and later, Anabaptist groups) in the Low Countries
• With Charles abdication, Phillip 2 took over ruling the Netherlands and was determined to crush every form of Protestantism in his lands
• Crowds riot in Antwerp in 1564 when the authorities attempted to burn a local Calvinist minister as a heretic. Philip II in 1559 never returned to the Low Countries, which weakened the Catholic control of the Netherlands
• 1566- Summer of Rioting, Philip was slow to put down therefore more unrest grew in the following year
• 1567 -The Council of Troubles (or Council of Blood to the Dutch) is established in Brussels, leading to William of Orange is tried, and becomes the leader of the rebellion.
• The Spanish Attack Antwerp in 1576 to put down the reformation happening there
• After the attack on Antwerp, the Netherlands gets allies to fight against the Spanish, which leads to the Spanish defeat in 1588, and official Dutch independence in 1609
• The Catholic Church hold on the Dutch was week in the 15th century, as they did not have many churches and preachers in the area, and any that there was, where not native of the area
• The Netherlands also had a high amount of Humanist teachers which promoted the individual to gain their own biblical knowledge
• Melchior Hoffman (c. 1500-1543) was an anabaptist who spoke that this reformation was a sign on the end times
• The Anabaptist Kingdom in Münster, 1534-35

  • Treaty of Dülmen (Feb 1533) allows a civic reformation
  • Prediction of the end of the world in 1534
  • polygamy is allowed as there are too many women
  • The town was finally subdued in June 1535, and Jan van Leiden and others were tortured and executed, their corpses hung in cages as an example to others
• Menno Simons (1496-1561) wrote Foundation Book (1540)  Denounced the apocalyptic spiritualism of the Melchiorites and Turned to oppose war and violence (including that of government authorities) and thus to pacifism
• The Dutch Republic thus had an Established Church (Calvinist) but Calvinists were nonetheless a minority (probably only 10-20% of the population), and Dutch society remained a pluriform Christian society, with Mennonites especially numerous
• John Wycliff (d. 1384) taught at the University of Oxford. rejecting the Catholic understanding of the Church as the visible hierarchy of clergy under the pope. Promotion of the English Bible
• English Catholicism is strong right before the Reformation like in the English catholic confessions