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• Globalization


  The increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures- the world wide integration of humanity
• Diversity


  The recognition and valuing of the difference, encompassing such factors as age, gender, race, ethnicity, ability, religion, education, marital status, sexual orientation and income
• Marshall McLuhan


  A theorist who predicted many years ago that our world would become a global village
• At this era, people are linked physically and electronically around the globe
• Digital technology has helped erased the notion of territorial boundaries between countries, gradually eroding the idea of the term nation
• Multiculturalists


  Persons respectful of and engaged with people from distinctly different cultures
• Understanding diversity and engendering respect for differences can help erase the tensions globalization creates
• By emphasizing our differences we fuel potentials conflicts
• Need to spend more time learning about cultures
• We are better served spending our time focusing on American values
• Globalization enriches cultures
• Globalization destroys our cultures
• Communicators can be judged as insensitive, ignorant or culturally confused


  When they fail to realize the people from different cultures and whom they interact with
• Culturally confused


  Lacking understanding of cultural difference
• Cultural ignorance affects communication
• Cultural Differences


  • Showing the sole of a shoe is insulting in Muslim cultures, while crossing legs is normal in the US and Europe
  • Crossing legs is to relax in the US, but a social faux pas in Korea
  • Japanese view business cards as an extension of a person, while Americans view them as a formality
• Intercultural communication


  Interaction with individuals from different cultures, concerned with the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures
• Forms of Intercultural Communication

  • Interracial communication
  • Interethnic communication
  • International communication
  • Intracultural communication
• Culture


  The system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared and used by its members during the daily living; within a culture as a whole are co-cultures
• Co-cultures


  Composed of members of the same general culture who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture
• Co-cultures


  • Igorots, Ilocanos, Bicolanos in the Philippines
  • Native Americans, Scandinavian Americans, Middle Eastern Americans, some Latino groups, and some Asian American groups in the US
  • Disabled, gays and lesbians, cyberfunks, elderly
• Marginalized group


  Group whose members feel like outsiders; different groups of people within a given culture, context and history at risk of being subjected to multiple discrimination due to interplay of different personal characteristics or grounds
• Dominant culture


  Being perceived as the majority of the population and having a significant presence in institutions relating to communication, education, artistic expression, law, government and business
• Strategies of co-culture members to join in the dominant culture

  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
  • Separation
• Preferred strategies and communication approaches of marginalized groups

  • Separation (passive)
  • Accommodation (assertive)
  • Assimilation (aggressive, confrontational)
• Ethnocentrism


  Tendency to see one's own culture as superior to all; this lacks cultural flexibility; (experiencing great anxiety when interacting with persons from different cultures)
• Cultural relativism


  The acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own (trying to understand the behavior of the other groups)
• Melting-pot philosophy


  The view that different cultures should be assimilated into the dominant culture
• Cultural pluralism


  Adherence to the principle of cultural relativism, advocating respect for uniqueness, tolerance for difference and adherence to the principle of cultural relativity
• We need to open ourselves to differences by adding our storehouse of knowledge, by learning to cope with uncertainty, and by developing an appreciation of how increasing our cultural sensitivity will possibly affect our communication competence
• We need to accept the fact that our culture is not superior to others
• Cultural Dialectics


  • Individualism versus collectivism
  • High context versus Low context
  • High power distance versus low power distance
  • Masculine versus feminine culture
• Individualistic cultures


  Cultures in which individual goals are stressed; cultivates individual initiative and achievement; "I"
• Collectivistic cultures


  Group goals are stressed; tend to nurture group influences; "We"
• Characteristics of Individualistic Cultures

  • "I" orientation
  • Human independence and freedom
  • Disagree that tradition, church and other social agencies can dictate limitations
  • Assertive and independent
  • Focuses on individual rights, uniqueness and self reliance
• Characteristics of Collectivistic Cultures


  • "We" orientation
  • Prioritizing group solidarity
  • Long term relationship is important
  • Sacrificing individual benefit for the sake of others
  • Interdependent
  • Orientation is towards the group
  • Kinship and community is essential
  • Consultation in major decisions
• High context communication


  A tradition-bound communication system which depends on indirectness; tradition bound; their cultural traditions shape the behaviour and lifestyle of group members; over-polite and indirect in relating others
• Low-context communication


  A system that encourages directness in communication; exhibit a more direct communication style; tend to gather background information when meeting someone for the first time; feel that they have to explain everything rather than rely on non-verbal, contextual information
• Characteristics of Low Context Communication

  • Independence and individualism is emphasized
  • Everyone is responsible for themselves
  • Clear rules
  • Direct
  • Explicit (Text, speech)
• Characteristics of High Context Communication

  • People feel responsible for their family
  • If a member is in danger, whole group's honor is in danger
  • Internalized rules
  • Indirect
  • Implicit (silence, situation)