Respiratory system

• What muscles contract during inspiration at rest?

  Diaphragm and External intercostals
• What muscles contract during inspiration at exercise?

  Sternocleodmastoid and pectoralis major
• What is respiration ?


  The process of transferring energy from glucose, by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
• Functions of alveoli ?

  Large surface area for diffusion

  thin walls for short diffusion distance

  prominent blood supply

  gas exchange
• route of oxygen into the blood


  nose and mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• What is internal respiration?

  Exchange of gases between blood and cells
• What is external respiration?

  Exchange of gases between blood and lungs
• Process of inspiration (DERVPA)at rest?

  Diaphragm moves up and out

  External intercostals contract

  Ribs move up and out

  Volume of thoracic cavity increases

  Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases

  Air rushes into lungs from high to low pressure.
• Process of expiration at rest?

  Diaphragm moves in and down

  External intercostals relax

  Ribs move in and down

  Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

  Pressure of thoracic cavity increases

  Air rushes out of lungs from high to low pressure
• What is tidal volume ?

  Volume of air breathed in OR out per breath
• What is minute ventilation ?

  Volume of air breathed in or out per minute
• What is residual volume?

  Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
• What is breathing rate ?

  Number of inspirations OR expirations per breath
• What is oxygen dissociation?

  the release of oxygen from haemoglobin for gas exchange
• What is the Bohr shift?

  A move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the bloodstream.