lesson 1: critical reading skills

•  it goes beyond extracting information from a text; rather, it involves recognizing the writer’s purpose, identifying the tone and persuasive elements, and recognizing biases.

  Critical Reading
•  a characterize by the external links embedded in a text by the writer.

  hypertext
• refers to a work whose meaning is shaped by referencing or calling to mind other text.

  intertext
• WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF CLAIM?

  1. claim of fact
  2. claim of value
  3. claim of policy
• an argument about a quantifiable topic. (a statement that are proven to be true)

  claim of fact
• argues whether something is good or bad. (refers to morality)

  claim of value
• an argument which asserts the implementation of certain policy (solution), (usually refers/related to law)

  claim of policy
• Are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument

  logical fallacies
• occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities

  false dilemma
• Occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa.

  appeal to ignorance
•  Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn.

  slippery slope
• Occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to either accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not.

  Complex questions
•  Occurs when a threat(usually by physical threat), instead of reasoning, is used to argue.

  appeal to force
• Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning.

  appeal to pity
• Occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are pointed out to show that the belief is false.

  appeal to consequences
•  Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks. 

  bandwagon
• Occurs when someone tries to refuse an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument. 

  Attacking the person
• Occurs when the argument quotes an expert who is not qualified in the particular subject matter

  appeal to authority
• The authority in question is not mentioned or named. ‘ cause less credibility’

  anonymous authority
• Occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population

  hasty generalization
• Occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways.

  false analogy
•  Occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even when it should be an exception

  accidents
• Occurs when the arguer claims that since event A happened before event B, A is the cause of B 

  post hoc
•  Occurs when the direction between cause and effects is reversed. 

  wrong direction
• Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event 

  complex cause
•  Occurs when an argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead 

  irrelevant conclusion
• Occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute.

  
  

  straw man
•  Any argument of the form: if A is true then B is true, If B is true, therefore A is true.

  affirming consequent
• Any argument with the form of: If A is true then B is true, If A is not true then B is not true

  denying anectedent
• Occurs when arguments contradict one another.

  Inconsistency
• what kind of logical fallacies does this categorized to? If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group.

  Appeal to force
• what kind of logical fallacies does this categorized to? I cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you were not educated at Harvard University

  attacking the person (ad hominem)