TRANSPORT AND CIRCULATION

• The blood which circulates throughout the body serves as the transportation to deliver the necessary nutrients, and oxygen needed.
• The gastrovascular cavity of hydras and planarians is lined with specialized cells that use diffusion in order to distribute nutrients to other cells.
• The arthropods such as grasshoppers have an open circulatory system that uses hemolymph which is pumped by the heart into tissue spaces.
• Ventricle sends blood under pressure to the gills.
• Heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle.
• The pathway of the blood from the body through the human heart controlled by the different valves.
• The pulmonary circuit collects oxygen-poor blood from all parts of the body to the lungs. 
• The systemic circuit carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs throughout the body
• The plasma of the blood is about 55% of the whole count of blood in the human body. It contains proteins involved in buffering the blood.
• The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which makes it red in color. These formed elements lack nucleus which makes it biconcave disks. 
• The granulocytes consist of 

  neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
• The monocytes are the largest known leukocytes which are large phagocytic macrophages.
• The lymphocytes have a distinct role in adaptive immunity because of T cells and
• The platelets are known for its important function in blood clotting. 
• The capillary exchange happens in three major steps: filtration, no net movement, and reabsorption.
• • The circulatory system is responsible for the movement of fluids between various parts of the body. It transports oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, to their cells. It also removes wastes, which are later excreted from the body by the lungs or kidneys. 
• • Invertebrates without circulatory systems have a gastrovascular cavity that is lined with specialized cells. 
• • Invertebrates with circulatory systems can either have an open circulatory system where the hemolymph is distributed to all other tissues. While in a closed circulatory system, the body distributes blood to the pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits. 
• • The heart is a cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist. It is located between the lungs directly behind the sternum (breastbone) and is tilted so that the apex.
• • Blood is considered a connective tissue with a fluid matrix. It has numerous functions in the body. It is composed of plasma and formed elements such as RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. 
• Capillary exchange happens between a systemic capillary and tissue fluid, the fluid between the body’s cells. Two forces primarily control the movement of fluid through the capillary wall: (1) osmotic pressure and (2) blood pressure.