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• Stamen (Androecium) - male part of the flower composed of a slenderfilament and four lobed anther (site of microsoporogenesis and microgametogenesis)
• Pistil (Gynoecium) - female part of the flower composed of the flaskshaped ovary (houses the ovules where megasporogenesis andmegagametogenesis occurs), slender style (supports the stigma) and sticky stigma (catches pollen grains)
• 1 - stigma

  2 - style

  3 - pollen tube

  4 - pistil

  5- ovary

  6- ovule

  7-sepal

  8 - xylem

  9- phloem

  10-Cambium

  11 - receptacle

  12- vascular bundle the stem of dichotomous plant

  13- stem

  14- leaf

  15- filament

  16- stamen

  17- anther

  18- petal

  
• Sepals (Calyx) - leaf-like appendages that protects the flower bud
• Petals (Corolla) - colored leaf-like appendages that attracts pollinatorsusing bright color or strong scent
• Perianth - collective term for the calyx and corolla and are considered tobe non-essential in sexual reproduction; also used as the collective termfor the primitive floral appendage called tepals
• 4 basic floral parts

  sepal

  petals

  stamen

  pistil
• Peduncle - stalk that connects the receptacle to the stem
• Receptacle - the fleshy tissue where the other floral parts are attachedin either a whorled or spiral manner
• Stamen (Androecium) - male part of the flower composed of a slender filament and four lobed anther (site of microsoporogenesis and microgametogenesis)
• Nectaries - nectar secreting glands associated with petals, stamens orpistils
• Calyx - collective term for sepals
• pistil (Gynoecium) - female part of the flower composed of the flaskshaped ovary (houses the ovules where megasporogenesis andmegagametogenesis occurs), slender style (supports the stigma) andsticky stigma (catches pollen grains
• Corona - platform for pollinators to land; associated with petal orstamen
• Involucre - fusion of bracts or spathes for the protection of theinflorescence
• 1. germinating seed
  2. anther
  3. microspore (n)
  4. pollen grain (n)
  5. mitosis
  6. meiosis
  7. ovule
  8. stigma, pollen tube
  9. pollen tube
  10. style
  11. pollen tube
  12. egg
  13. embryo sac
  14. mitosis
  15. seed
  16. surviving megaspore (n)
  17. meiosis
  18. ovary
  19. mature flower on sporophyte plant (2n)
  20. egg nucleus
  21. fertilization
  22. discharged sperm nuclei (n)
  23. zygote (2n)
  24. endosperm (3n)
  25. embryo, food supply, seed coat

  
• 1. mature sporophyte 2n
  2. megaspore mother cell 2n
  3. spore formation
  4. gamete development
  5. flower
  6. pistil
  7. meiosis
  8. surviving megaspore
  9. surviving megaspore
  10. mitosis
  11. ovule
  12. degenerating megaspores
  13. polygonum tupe embryo sac n
  14. pollination
  15. mitosis
  16. meiosis
  17. stigma
  18. style
  19. antipodals
  20. ovary
  21. central cekk
  22. egg spcell
  23. synergizes
  24. fertilization
  25. primary endosperm cell 3n
  26. female gametophytes
  27. sperm cell
  28. mitosis
  29. microspores
  30. pollen grain
  31. embryogenesis
  32. zygote
  33. developing embryo
  34. endosperm
  35. pollen tube
  36. male gametophyte
  37. shoot meristem
  38. microspore mother cell 2n
  39. locule
  40. germination
  41. root meristem
  42. seedling
  43. anther

  
• Pollen grains (reduced male gametophyte) - contains a pollentube cell and a generative cell that later divides into two spermcells; protected by a pollen wall
• Embryo sac (reduced female gametophyte) - contains an eggcell, 2 synergid cells, 1 diploid central cell and 3 antipodal cells;protected by the ovule (integument)
• Pollination - transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to thepistil that is facilitated by wind or pollinators (e.g. daytime - bees,butterflies, and hummingbirds; night time - moths and smallbats)
• • Pollen germination - occurs when the pollen grain lands on thestigma of a compatible flower and is characterized by the formationand elongation of a pollen tube through the pollen wall aperture(colpi or sulcus)
• Pollen tube growth - the pollen tube is provided with food andwater by the pistil and it penetrates the stigma and grows down thestyle and ovary to finally enter the micropyle (opening) of theovule; two sperms are delivered into the embryo sac
• Double fertilization - the process that occurs in the embryo sacwhere one sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form a diploid zygote(that later grows into an embryo) and another sperm that fertilizesthe diploid central cell to form a triploid endosperm mother cell(that later grows into the endosperm).
• Floral Symmetry - defined by the number of similar axes that canbe drawn through its plan

  • Radial or Actinomorphic - two or more axes

  • Bilateral or Zygomorphic - only one axis
• Floral Phyllotaxy•

  Spiral - one appendage per node in the receptacle•. Whorled - three or more appendage per node in the receptacle
• Interwhorl arrangement• Alternate - sepals and petals are not aligned• Opposite - sepals and petals are aligned
• Organ fusion

  • Free or Apopetalous - petals and sepals are not fused together

  • Fused or Connate or Gamopetalous - petals and sepals are fusedtogether to form a tube- or -bell shaped corolla.

  • Adherent or Adnated - stamen filament is fused with a petal
• Insertion of outer organs (sepals, petals and stamens)• Hypogynous - the outer organs are inserted below a superior ovary

  • Epigynous - the outer organs are inserted above an inferior ovary

  • Perigynous - the outer organs are inserted to a hypanthium (cup-likeextension of the receptacle) and can be associated with a superior orinferior ovary.
• 1. trimerous (3 fold)
  2. tetramerous
  3. pentamerous
  4. bilateral
  5. spiral
  6. whorled
  7. alternate
  8. opposite

  
• 1. free
  2. coherent (connate)
  3. free
  4. adherent (adnate)
  5. hypogynous (ovary superior)
  6. epigynous (ovary inferior)
  7. perigynous (ovary inferior)

  
• Basal placentation - ovules are arranged at the base of theovary e.g., sunflower, rice and other one-seeded fruit
• Marginal placentation - ovules are attached to an elongatedplacenta located on one side of ovary e.g., legumes
• Parietal placentation - ovules develop on the inner wall of theovary e.g., papaya
• Free central placentation - ovules develop on the central axis while the septa is absent e.g., primrose
• • Axile placentation - carpels are folded inward to create septa. while the ovules placed along the central axis of ovary e.g.,tomato.
• 1. marginal
  2. parietal
  3. axile
  4. basal
  5. free central

  
• atropous (Orthotropous) - ovule is aligned straight such that the chalaza,the funiculus and micropyle align
• Anatropous - the ovule gets completely inverted during the development period such that the micropyle lies near the funiculus
• Hemianatropous - the ovule takes a right angle shape with respect to the funiculus.
• Amphitropous - the ovule is completely curved and forms a shape like ahorseshoe