Module 5

• Disease prevention has 4 stages: primordial prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention
• Primordial prevention targets the underlying health determinants by modifying social policies to improve health (safe sidewalks, public outdoor trails)
• Primary prevention targets susceptible individuals by targetting exposure factors (vaccination)
• Secondary prevention involves early detection (regular mammograms)
• Tertiary prevention includes reducing the impact of the disease on the person (myocardial infarction having cardiac rehabilitation)
• Targets for prevention strategies at the primordial level occur before the disease and even risk factors are present
• Primordial prevention consists of risk factor prevention/reduction through social and environmental changes for the entire population. These are accomplished through laws
• Identification risk of primordial prevention as an example is prevent the likelihood of children developing smoking habits by advising parents to quit smoking
• Reduced average risk of primordial prevention as an example is a policy mandating companies to display nutritional facts on all food products
• The First International Conference on Health Promotion was held in Ottawa, 1986. It called for actions to facilitate health promotion: build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community actions, develop personal skills, and reorient health services
• Health promotion factors at the individual and population levels are grouped into 3 categories: environmental, social, and other factors
• Healthy behaviours one chooses to engage in tend to be the most significant factors in determining an individual's health. These SDH's are the easiest to change, as we are not born into them.
• Barriers to health behaviour change can be grouped in the Social Ecological Model (SEM). This involves intrapersonal, interpersonal, community/institution, and public policy barriers.
• Intrapersonal barriers are control of the individual. Examples include knowledge, attitudes, skills, etc.
• Interpersonal skills involve relationships, including family, friends, peers, etc. Lack of connection with these people
• Community barriers include physical and social environment and settings individuals engage in daily, such as schools, workplaces, and neighbourhoods
• The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a social psychological model developed to explain health behaviours. Individual's beliefs can impact and explain their health
• Examples of the HBM include perception of seriousness, perception of susceptibility, perception of benefits, perception of barriers, self efficacy, and cues to action
• The transtheoretical model (TTM), or "Stages of Change" model, outlines the process of intentional behaviour change. It poses that individuals move through 6 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse.
• Precontemplation: unaware of the need to change

  Contemplation: getting ready to change and knowing it needs to happen

  Preparation: being motivated and having a plan of action

  Action: actively modifying their lifestyles and want to succeed

  Maintenance: sustained their change for at least 6 months

  Relapse: abandoning the idea of changing due to difficulty in maintaining
• Individual level health promotion happens through one-on-one interactions. It provides the opportunity to be personable
• Peer or group level of health promotion is suited for when social interaction is helpful and may be more efficient to transfer information because one individual can teach or lead a large group of people
• Population level of health promotion includes legislation and social marketing. Legislation involves politics and forces people to change, which can cause outrage. Social marketing relies on selling health like businesses that sell products.
• Neocolonialism can happen when Indigenous voices aren't heard, due to colonial health promoting strategies being left unchecked. This is often due to researcher perspectives being different from Indigenous peoples', and intervention evaluation being traditional western values and not those of Indigenous communities
• The BCCancer - Prince George Centre for the North enables all people living in the North to receive treatment closer to home and also provide telehealth services. This blends Traditional and Western medicines in clinical care. They have a healing garden and an aboriginal care coordinator.
• Indigenous health promotion should take a more holistic and community based approach.
• Gatekeeping training is a protective factor that trains individuals to be able to recognize persons at risk of suicide and provide appropriate assistance
• Successful programs for suicide prevention focus on community and family connectedness, community empowerment, and Indigenous cultural affinity.
• Health promotion focuses on either increasing their frequency of healthy behaviours or by reducing or eliminating unhealthy behaviours
• OMama is a smartphone application that aids mothers in tracking important pregnancy information and following evidence-based health recommendations to increase healthy behaviours
• Smoking cessation programs are an example of promoting health through eliminating an unhealthy behaviour.
• Cold Turkey means choosing a specific date and stopping with no assistance
• Weaning involves gradually reducing the amount of use to eventually quit.
• The Chiefs of Ontario passed a resolution for First Nations to become tobacco free by using strategies that are modified to be mindful of and culturally responsive to Indigenous ways of living. This involves tobacco-wise, which is continuing traditional tobacco practices and eliminating commercial tobacco use
• The Sacred Smoke Program was a tobacco-wise initiative set for Batchewana and Garden River First Nations. It is led by Elders to teach kinikinik (traditional tobacco) and proper cessation , and individuals were taught coping strategies to distract from craving
• Primary prevention aims to manage, modify, or eliminate the risk factor.
• The stages of prevention are a continuum, meaning that at certain points along the continuum, there is an overlap between stages
• Screening plays a critical role in secondary prevention because it enables the early detection and treatment of disease. One example of effective secondary prevention is the screening for cervical cancer
• The Kilimanjaro Cervical Cancer Screening project uses cell phones as a means of screening in Tanzania. Nurses are trained to be able to test for cervical cancer using vinegar and cell phones
• Parkinson's disease is a progressive disease of the nervous system. This disease usually affects adults ages 50-60, and is 50% more common in men than in women