Migration

• During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the world into 3 categories: The First World, Second World, and Third World.
• As the world ended its bipolarity of hegemonic powers, American era was established. After a decade, American era ended its hegemonic supremacy.
• According to Fareed Zakaria (2008), this was known as the Post-American World and it is defined as the diffusion of power from states to other actors.
• The Post-American World - This era was the period where states and non-state actors are rising, an era where the balancing of power is unstable.
• Under the Post-American World there are three classifications turned into so called Developed and Developing states.
• In the idea of Huntington (1996), he claimed that Asian civilizations are expanding its economic, political, and military strength.
• Developed countries are the westerners and those countries that are part of the northwestern hemisphere.
• Developing countries are the states which has low income rate. The latter are the countries from the region of Africa and Asia.
• Developed and the Developing World - these classifications emerge because of the economic inequalities of states and in the societal level of analysis people who are facing low income salary tried to move from one place to another promising for a new life.
• What are the eight (8) global civilizations?

  The Westerns, The Latin Americans, Islamic civilization, The Sinic or the Chinese civilization, The Hindus, Orthodox, Japanese, The Africans
• Connectedness of nations, ethnicities, and states are the new trends in international arena. Civilizations became Global Civilizations.
• In the book of Samuel Huntington (1996) The Clash of the Civilization, global civilization are determined into 8 categories.
• After the Cold War, United States becoming the sole superpower declined its hegemony. Through the rising global civilizations the world turned into multipolar power.
• At present, people from these global civilizations tried to move from one place to another just to have an economic stability, good life and democratic freedom that his/her country don't have.
• Some globalists suggest that there is the factor of socio-morality that undermine the movement of people from one place to another.
• According to Heywood (2011) cosmopolitanism literally means the adherence or belief in the "world state". This idea began its journey when globalization came into power in the 1950s.
• Believing that the world can be governed by one state is different from the known Cosmopolitanism.
• What are the 3 elements of Cosmopolitanism?

  Individualism, Universality, Generality
• According to the analysis of Pogge (2008), there are three main elements of Cosmopolitanism.
• Migration - the form of social behavior that both shapes and is shaped by broader social and economic structure and processes of transformation (International Migration Institute, 2011)
• In the definition of Boswell (2002), however, migration is not just economic gain but rather it is more political.
• What are the factors why people migrate?

  Social Inequality, Economic Depression, Freedom Deprivation
• Social Inequality, Economic Depression, Freedom Deprivation - these oppressions occur at present and since Cosmopolitanism adhere to the equality and moral integrity among men, it has role on why people are moving.
• People are moving in and out of the countries. According to Henry Nau (2009), the present world has its transnational relations because countries trade with one another, and populations move across state boundaries.
• To better understand the concept of global migration, there are three (3) categories of this trend - forced displacement, voluntary economic migration, and refugees.
• Forced Migration - this includes not only refugees and asylum-seekers (people who move across borders in search of protection) but also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects (such as factories, roads, or dams).
• Voluntary Economic Migration - A person's choice to relocate to an opportunity instead of an encroaching fear for safety.
• Refugees - these are the people residing outside their country of nationality, who are unable or unwilling to return because of a "well-found" fear of persecution on account race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
• Refugee Organizations, especially the United nations High Commission for Refugees (UNCHR), seek to distinguish clearly between refugees and migrants, but they do share to social needs and cultural impacts in their place of settlement (UNCHR, 1997).