final review

• bruh

  A) parietal bone

  B) frontal bone

  C) temporal bone

  D) zygomatic bone

  E) mandible

  F) maxillae

  G) nasal bones

  
• bruh

  A) cervical vertebrae - 7

  B) thoracic vertebrae - 12

  C) lumbar vertebrae - 5

  D) sacral vertebrae - 5

  E) coccygeal vertebrae - 4

  
• Pinkies are medial to the patient.
• Thumbs are lateral to the patient.
• Midaxillary is down the side of the body.
• Anterior is the front side of the body.
• Posterior is the back of the body surface or body structure.
• Proximal is movement towards midline or towards head.
• Distal is movement away from midline or away from head.
• Abduction is movement away from the midline of body; e.g

  arm flexes outward.
• Adduction is movement towards midline of body.
• Flexion is a muscular contraction that causes flexing of an extremity.
• Extension is a muscular contraction that causes straightening of an extremity.
• Medial rotation is a rotation towards the body towards midline.
• Lateral rotation is a rotation away from the body or outward away from midline.
• The spinal cord passes through the vertebral foramen, with the cervical spine having 7 vertebrae, the thoracic spine having 12 vertebrae, the lumbar spine having 5 vertebrae, the sacrum spine having 5 vertebrae, and the coccyx having 4 vertebrae.
• manubrium is the pointy part of sternum
• 1. pharynx
  2. nasopharynx
  3. oropharynx
  4. larynx
  5. cricoid cartilage

  
• The pathophysiology of ventilation is based on pH changes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
• Increased CO2 decreases pH, increases respiratory drive.
• Failure to meet the body’s need for oxygen is known as hypoxia.
• 0-1 minute: cardiac irritability, increased heart rate.
• 4-6 minute: brain damage not likely.
• 6-10 minute: brain damage likely.
• More than 10 minutes: irreversible brain damage.
• Inadequate respiration can be recognized by changes to skin color, temperature, cool and moist, changes to mental status, and pulse oximeter reading <92%.
• Respiratory rates for infants are 30-60 breaths per minute, toddlers 24-40, preschoolers 22-34, school aged 18-30, adolescents 12-16, and adults 12-22.
• Flow rate is 1-6 L/min, roughly half of what nonrebreathing mask gives, up to 22-44% concentration of oxygen.
• Nonrebreathing Masks: up to 90% oxygen, oxygen given in L/min, flow rate is 10-15 L/min
• Progression of shock:

  • Three stages: Compensated, Decompensated, Irreversible
  • BP may be the last measurable factor to change in shock
  • When a drop in BP is evident, shock is well developed
  • Compensated Shock symptoms: agitation, restlessness, anxiety, AMS, tachycardia, tachypnea, change in skin CTC, nausea, vomiting, weak peripheral pulse
  • Decompensated Shock symptoms: falling BP, tachycardia, tachypnea, low urine output, labored and irregular breathing, weak peripheral pulses, cool clammy skin, cyanosis, dilated pupils
• Pulmonary embolism involves a blood clot moving into pulmonary arterioles, leading to issues breathing, hemoptysis, cyanosis, tachypnea, and hypoxia
• Spontaneous pneumothorax may require oxygen/PPV, immediate transport, and monitoring for progression to tension pneumothorax
• Congestive heart failure can be managed with CPAP, while asthma may need oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, and CPAP as appropriate
• During an asthma attack, there is swelling to the lining of air passages, contractions of smooth muscles surrounding air passages, and overproduction of thick mucus
• During an asthma attack, there is swelling to the lining of air passages, contractions of smooth muscles surrounding air passages (bronchospasm), and overproduction of thick mucus leading to blockage
• Indications for nebulized albuterol include a patient experiencing exacerbation of previously diagnosed asthma or COPD, while contraindications include known hypersensitivity to albuterol, respiratory failure, cardiac history without approval by medical control
• The dose for nebulized albuterol is one unit dose (2.5mg 3.0cc NS via nebulizer) at 6-8 lpm or at a flow rate that will deliver the medication over 5-15 minutes, which may be repeated twice if symptoms persist for a total of 3 administrations
• Side effects of albuterol include increased pulse rate, tremors, nervousness/anxiety, and nausea
• CPAP is indicated for exacerbation of asthma, COPD, CHF, pulmonary edema, tachypneic (>24 rpm), and contraindications include age under 10, GCS <14, systolic <90 mmHg, respiratory arrest, agonal respirations, blunt or penetrating chest trauma, possible pneumothorax, facial trauma inhibiting mask seal, high risk of vomiting/aspiration, and tracheostomy
• Vertebral foramen


  Hole in each vertebra through which the spinal cord travels