OLD DECKS

• Reproduction


  Women are born with immature eggs that mature at puberty, while men start producing sperm during puberty
• Zygote


  Fertilized egg, begins to go through rapid cell division at first producing identical cells but later differentiating into specialized cells
• Germinal Stage


  1. Begins at conception when the sperm and egg cell unite and result in a zygote

  2. Sex is determined by the father (whether he contributes an X or Y chromosome)
• Down Syndrome


  A condition related to abnormal cell division with chromosome 21
• Placenta


  Attached to the umbilical cord, facilitates the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from mother to child
• Teratogen


  A harmful substance that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome


  Caused by a mother ingesting too much alcohol (teratogen) while pregnant, may cause a child to be born with physical or cognitive abnormalities
• Embryonic Stage


  The stage of development from three to six weeks when organs begin to form and a heartbeat begins to occur
• Fetal Stage


  Occurs after nine weeks of pregnancy, a baby will begin to develop features to survive outside the womb, such as limbs, lungs, and a stomach
• Attachment


  An emotional bond between an infant or a young animal with its caregiver
• Harry and Margaret Harlow


  • Experimented with infant monkeys by giving them two sources of food, a comforting figure and a non comforting figure; the monkeys only came to the non comforting figure when they needed food, but came to the comforting figure in times of distress
• Imprinting


  When an animal creates a behavior during a critical period of development
• Konrad Lorenz


  • Researched imprinting by experimenting with baby ducklings, noticed that if he was the first thing the ducklings saw when they hatched, they formed an attachment and followed him
• Secure Attachment


  A child is comforted by the presence of of their caregiver and distressed by their absence, but feels secure when they return
• Insecure Attachment


  A child clings to their caregiver and is distressed when they leave, but continues feeling distressed even after they return
• Ambivalent Attachment


  A type of insecure attachment where a child may resist the comfort of their caregiver, especially after feeling abandoned
• Mary Ainsworth


  • Created the "strange situation experiment", where babies were put in an unfamiliar environment with their mothers; babies that shared a secure attachment with their mothers explored the area and felt safe, but felt distressed when the mother was asked to leave the room
• Erik Erikson


  Believed that a secure parental relationship allows children to develop trust, identified eight stages of development throughout life
• Trust vs. Mistrust


  Develops in infancy, a child recognizes if their caregiver is providing security and affection and will develop a secure or insecure attachment with them due to this
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt


  The stage where children develop the autonomy and confidence to recognize things in the world and make decisions based off of them, insecure attachment will cause them to feel shame; questions often include the child using a phrase
• Initiative vs. Guilt


  Children begin having independent thought and wanting independent activities, but a lack of control during this stage will weaken a child's confidence; questions focus on a child having ideas
• Industry vs. Inferiority


  Children attend school and learn to grapple with social factors (their clothes, economic class) and begin to compare themselves with others, greater autonomy and understanding of morality
• Identity vs. Role Confusion

  Occurs during adolescence, teens start to discover their identity and conform to new peer groups, but those who struggle to find this role feel lost and isolated
• Intimacy vs. Isolation


  The stage where adults attempt to find love and commitment, both in familial/intimate relationships and through a career or other aspirations; failure to find this commitment leads to a feeling of isolation from society
• Generativity vs. Stagnation


  The stage where adults desire to help future generations, often through starting a family and raising children, but also through community oriented works and activities; failure to achieve this often leads to a feeling of hopelessness and major life changes
• Integrity vs. Despair


  The stage where an individual reflects on their life and regrets, with a focus on regrets often leading to a feeling of despair and a deeper fear of their approaching death
• Diana Baumrind


  • Studied the impact of different parenting styles on the development of children
• Schema


  A collection of basic knowledge that guides the perception of a situation
• Assimilation


  Putting information into an existing schema
• Accommodation


  Manipulating old schemas to fit new information
• Egocentric


  When a person can only view situations from their own point of view and assume everyone else thinks the same way, common in young children
• Theory of the Mind

  The understanding that other people have different thoughts and perceptions from your own
• Object Permanence


  Understanding that objects exist even when you cannot see them
• Conservation


  Understanding that properties like volume and mass remain the same even when something is transported to a different location/container
• Reversibility


  Being able to reverse a series of events to get back to a starting point
• Seriation


  Being able to organize objects or events into a sequence
• Jean Piaget


  • Studied how children develop cognitively, created his own theory of stages of development
• Sensorimotor Stage (Ages 0-2)

  When children develop motor skills and object permanence
• Preoperational Stage (Ages 2-7)


  When children learn language and numbers and develop an understanding of conservation but remain egocentric
• Concrete Operational Stage (Ages 7-12)

  When children develop more logical and theoretical thinking and learn to understand other people's thoughts and feelings (theory of the mind), as well as understanding reversibility and seriation and being able to classify different objects