Crime and Deviance

• McPherson Report (1999)

  • MET police->> institutionally racist->> eg. high stop and searches for ethnic minorities
  • ->> drive fantasy crimewaves and moral panic
• Adler

  • emancipation/ better economic status for women= increased female crime rates
  • eval: Marginalisation Thesis: despite increased job opportunities for women, more likely to be in low-paid/ part-time jobs= 'pink collar ghetto'
• Philips (NR)

  • blamed the Labour Party (not in power at the time) for 2011 London/ UK riots
  • said they had conducted a 'social experiment' that undermined family values and discouraged moral code based on Christian values
  • ->> 12% of working age pop. in receiving out-of-work benefits yet those 35% prosecuted after riots were= criminal underclass
  • eval: also supports func. (strain theory, status frustration) and LR (relative deprivation)
• Baldwin and Bottoms

  • high crime neighbourhoods have passed a tipping point
  • ->> when law-abiding residents move out of neighbourhood= lower rents/ house prices and criminals move in
  • this neighbourhood passes the tipping point and becomes a criminal hotbed
• Hobbs and Lister

  Nocturnal economy->> most crime occur at night eg. after people leave clubs and pubs (drunkenness adds to this)

  >> justification for 24-hour licenses
• Bandura

  • supports the hypodermic syringe theory
  • Bobo Doll->> children show learned violent behaviour
  • eg. Jamie Bulgar incident
• Green and Ward

  • state crime->> illegal/ deviant activities perpetrated by state agencies (or complicity)
• Castells

  • due to globalisation, there is a global criminal economy worth over $1 trillion pa
  • eg. cyber-crime, green crime, drug trade, smuggling illegal immigrants and trafficking women/ children, illegal body parts
• Lynch

  coined green criminology->> crimes committed against the environment ->> transgressive criminologists
• Beck

  (PM) global risk society->> issues like global warming are manufactured risks to organise modern society
• South

  primary and secondary green crime

  • primary: dierct acts->> pollution, animal cruelty, deforestation
  • secondary: crime due to flouting environment laws->> bribery
• McLaughlin

  4 types of state crime

  • crimes by the security and police forces
  • economic crimes
  • social/ cultural crimes eg. institutional racism
  • practical crimes eg. corruption
• Human Rights Act (1998)

  • UK citizen given rights of that in the ECHR
  • abuse of these right often happen in state crimes
• Walkerlate

  rape trials the female victim on trial has to prove her respectability in order to have the sentence accepted

  ->> say Parsons relies to heavily of biological theory
• Foucault (PM)

  formal surveillance through CCTV and monitoring of online activity= we learn to monitor ourselves through internalised surveillance
• Bauman

  certain features of modernity enable state crimes:

  1. Division of labour - diffuses responsibility
  2. Bureaucratization - normalizes and dehumanizes harmful acts
  3. Instrumental rationality - focuses on efficiency over ethics
  4. Science and technology - provides justification and means

  ->> situational crime prevention->> contemporary cities are now fortress cities
• Lyng (PM)

  • edgework/ boundary testing
  • seduction of crime comes from risk-taking thrill ->> situational crime prevention methods are a challenge and add extra thrill
• Reiner

  police discretion=some leeway with when and how seriously they will deal with a crime->> 3 ways

  1. Individual discretion: personal discretion rather than reflecting entire occupational police culture
  2. Cultural discretion: canteen culture->> shared set of values formed from working in the same place= discriminatory culture formed
  3. Structural discretion: (Marxists)->> police represent interests of the bourgeoisie