ChemBio Lec Perfect

• Organic Chemistry


  Chemistry of carbon, from the interesting structures that it makes, to the reactions that carbon-containing compounds do
• Organic Chemistry is notorious for being complicated because there are so many types of organic compounds with unique properties and reactivity
• Organic compounds


  • Caffeine in morning tea
  • Circuitry in cell phone
• There are over 16 million known organic molecules
• Using basic tools, some practice, and by taking things a step at a time, organic chemistry can be learned
• Deboki Chakravarti


  Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering, science writer/communicator who loves to talk about science
• Much of biomedical engineering is rooted in the chemistry of molecules, from what they look like to how they interact with each other
• Tools to understand organic chemistry

  Bonding, structure, and naming molecules
• Molecules


  • (3S, 8S, 9S, 10R, 13R, 14S,17R)-10, 13 dimethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[alpha]phenanthren-3-ol (Cholesterol)
• Chemists make observations, do experiments, and propose theories to understand the chemical and physical properties of molecules
• Building molecules


  From small molecules like ethanol to giant macromolecules like high-density polyethylene
• Reactions


  • Elimination reactions
  • Substitution reactions
  • Pericyclic reactions
• Practice is required to master organic chemistry reactions
• Organic chemistry is needed to understand health, medicine, and the biochemistry of how the body works
• Organic chemistry can be complicated, but with the right approach it can be made sense of
• Oxygen is responsible for life on Earth as we know it, and the fire from combustion reactions is a foundation of civilization
• Atomic oxygen is part of water, and adding an oxygen atom to organic compounds creates a part of the molecule that's more reactive
• Any heteroatom, which are atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, generally increases the reactivity of organic molecules
• Heteroatoms can make up functional groups, where all the cool chemistry happens
• Steps to naming organic compounds

  1. Find the longest carbon chain and give it a root name

  2. Identify the highest priority functional group, give it the lowest number on the chain, and add its suffix to the root name

  3. Identify any substituents and their positions on the carbon chain, then add a numbered prefix to the root name
• Functional groups

  Where all the cool chemistry happens
• Alcohol


  A functional group with a structure similar to water, H2O, but with one of the hydrogens replaced with a carbon chain
• Methanol is super poisonous and usually causes blindness or death, while ethanol is mildly poisonous which causes drunkenness and other health risks
• Numbering carbon chains

  To communicate where functional groups are
• Alcohol functional group priority

  Has priority over double bonds, triple bonds, and any of the substituents seen so far
• Alcohol compounds

  • Pentan-1-ol
  • Pent-2-ene-1-ol
• Ether


  A functional group where both hydrogen atoms in H2O are replaced with carbon chains
• The name "ether" refers to one of the first chemicals in medicine that was regularly used to anesthetize patients before surgery
• Trivial name for ether

  Names the two carbon chains on either side of the oxygen, adds the suffix -yl, puts them in alphabetical order, and adds "ether" at the end
• Ether compounds


  • Pentylpropyl ether
• Carbonyl group


  Part of the functional groups found in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives
• Aldehyde

  Has a carbon chain on only one side of a carbonyl group
• Ketone

  Has a carbon chain on both sides of a carbonyl group
• Aldehyde and ketone compounds

  • Butanal
  • Propan-2-one (acetone)
• Carboxylic acid

  Has an alcohol group on one side of a carbonyl group
• Carboxylic acid compounds

  • Hex-5-enoic acid
• Carboxylic acids can undergo reactions to form molecules like esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and amides
• Amine


  A nitrogen atom attached to 3 R groups with one lone pair, where at least one R group has carbon
• Nitrile

  Has a triple bond between a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom, with potential extra stuff hanging off the carbon
• Phenyl

  Also known as a benzene ring, a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds