4th Quarter/Finals

• An outline helps organize ideas and ensure that all necessary information is included.
• A good presentation will have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Letter


  A written, typed, or printed communication, especially one sent in an envelope by mail or messenger
• Business letter


  A formal message that is written, typed, or printed and is typically sent from one organization to another party outside the organization, such as customers, clients, or partners
• Uses of letters


  • Compliments
  • Complaints
  • Questions
  • Recommendations
  • Request
• Importance of letters


  • Permanent records of something that are required
  • Formality is needed
  • Messages are sensitive and must be organized
• Types of letters


  • Positive and neutral letters
  • Persuasive letters
  • Negative letters
• Positive and neutral letters


  Communicate goodwill, neutral and straightforward request, and positive messages
• Persuasive letters


  Try to convince the reader to perform a particular course of action
• Negative letters


  Contain negative messages such as bad news, poor service, misunderstandings, complaints, and refusals
• Organizing direct request (neutral) letters

  1. Introduction: Begin with the most important question or request

  2. Body: Explain the request clearly and politely

  3. Conclusion: End with a request for a concrete action, with a definite time if possible, and express gratitude
• Organizing persuasive letters


  1. Introduction: Open with a hook to grab your reader's attention, such as a question, benefit, unusual fact or feature, or situation

  2. Body: Provide details that increase interest. Use appeals to both logic and emotion. Anticipate the reader's concerns

  3. Conclusion: End with an action that motivates the reader
• Organizing negative letters


  1. Introduction: Prepare the reader for the bad news by providing a neutral statement, such as facts, agreement, appreciation, or apologies

  2. Body: Clearly state the reasons for the bad news before mentioning the news. Afterward, clearly express the news in an understated way

  3. Conclusion: Provide an alternative, if possible. Otherwise, include a forward-looking statement that builds goodwill
• Memorandum


  The most familiar form of internal communication in the business setting
• Uses and purposes of memos

  • Giving recommendations
  • Requesting for information
  • Sending orders to employees
  • Providing response to queries
  • Sketching out procedures, rules, and regulations
  • Reporting about finished actions or new information
  • Finalizing business decisions
• Writing and organizing memos

  1. Know your reasons and goals for writing the memo

  2. Do proper research of all your facts

  3. Choose your audience wisely

  4. Formally begin the memo by labelling the top of the page with "Memorandum," "Memo," or other similar labels

  5. Provide headings for your memos indicating the name of the recipient, the name of the sender, the date the memo is written, and the subject for the memo
• Memo format


  • TO:
  • FROM:
  • DATE:
  • SUBJECT:
  • Subject line should be up front, clearly worded, and specific about the content of the memo
  • Introduction - State your purpose for writing, and then follow this up with a short abstract of the memo's body
  • Body - Develops the main points highlighted in your opening
  • Conclusion - Briefly highlights again your main points in the introduction, requests an action from the reader, or includes a courteous, closing thought
• Formatting for memos


  • Set one tab to align entries evenly after Subject
  • Type the subject line in all caps or capitalize the initial letters of principal words
  • Leave 1 or 2 blank lines after the subject line
  • Single-space all but the shortest memos. Double-space between paragraphs
  • For full-page memos on plain paper, leave a 2-inch top margin
  • For half-page memos, leave a 1-inch top margin
  • Use 1.25-inch side margins
  • For a two-page memo, use a second-page heading with the addressee's name, page number, and date
  • Handwrite your initials after your typed name
  • Place bulleted or numbered lists flush left or indent them 0.5 inches
• To supplement your understanding of the summary, access the following links:
• Formating letters
• Antiderivative

  A differentiable function whose derivative is equal to the original function
• Antiderivatives


  • Find the antiderivative of
  • A function with this derivative is
  • The derivative of the following functions are also
  • The antiderivatives of
  • can be expressed as
• Antiderivative of


  1. If n is any rational number, then

  2. Where C is an arbitrary constant
• Generalized Power Formula for Antiderivatives


  • If n is any rational number, then
  • Where C is an arbitrary constant
• Antiderivatives


  • Find the antiderivatives of
  • Solution:
• Integration


  A special term given to finding the most general antiderivative of a function
• Antiderivatives


  The symbol ∫ will be used as notation for the antiderivatives of a function f(x), or the integral of f(x)
• Basic Integration Formulas


  1. Example 1

  2. Example 2

  3. Example 3

  4. Example 4

  5. Example 5

  6. Example 6
• integrate 0 dx


  C
• integrate 1 dx


  x + C
• integrate kdx


  kx + C
• integrate x ^ n dx


  (x ^ (n + 1))/(n + 1) + C
• n is not equal to 1
• integrate kf(x) dx


  k * integrate f(x) dx
• integrate [f(x) + g(x)] dx


  integrate f(x) dx + integrate g(x) dx
• integrate [f(x) - g(x)] dx


  integrate f(x) dx - integrate g(x) dx
• integrate a ^ (nx) dx


  1/n * (a ^ (nx))/(ln(a)) + C
• integrate e ^ (ax) dx


  i/a * e ^ (ax) + C