PHARM114

• Cesium (Cs)


  • Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material
  • First element discovered by means of Spectroscope
• Important Compound of Cesium

  • Cesium Chloride (CsCl)
  • Used in density gradient centrifugation
• Centrifuge

  An instrument that spins mixtures in a rotor to concentrate or separate materials
• Centrifugation


  A process of separating two molecules based upon their relative densities
• Ammonium (NH4)

  Hypothetical alkali metal
• Pharmacological Actions of Ammonium

  • Diuretic
  • Buffer
  • Expectorant
  • Anti-cariogenic
• Buffer


  A solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable
• Important Compounds of Ammonium

  • Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br)
  • Ammonium Carbonate [(NH4)2CO3]
  • Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
  • Ammonium Iodide (NH4I)
  • Ammonium Acetate (NH4CH3COO)
  • Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
  • Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH2Cl)
  • Ammonium Hydroxide
• Group IB: Coinage Metal


  • Can occur in free metal state
  • Complexes/Chelates
• Chelation


  A type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central metal atom
• Members of Group IB

  • Copper (Cu)
  • Silver (Ag)
  • Gold (Au)
  • Roentgenium (Rg)
• Copper (Cu)


  • Only reddish metal
  • 3rd most malleable metal
  • 3rd best conductor of electricity
• Pharmacological Actions of Copper

  • Protein Precipitant
  • Enhances physiological utilization of Iron (Fe)
• Wilson's Disease


  Toxicity of Copper
• Penicillamine


  Antidote for Copper toxicity
• Copper Alloys


  • Brass: Cu + Zn (Zinc)
  • Bronze: Cu + Sn (Tin)
• Important Compounds of Copper

  • Copper Sulfate (CuSO4)
  • Copper Acetoarsenate [Cu2(AsO3)2*Cu(C2H3O2)2]
  • Copper Citrate (Cu(C6H5O7))
  • Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite
  • Blister Copper
  • Cuprous Citrate
• Silver (Ag)


  • 2nd most malleable metal
  • 2nd best conductor of electricity
• Pharmacological Actions of Silver

  • Oligodynamic Property (Germicidal Action)
  • Bone replacement for temporary braces of Long bones
  • Opening of the skull
  • Styptic (causes constriction of vessels)
• Argyria


  Toxicity of Silver
• Sodium Thiosulfate


  Can remove Silver toxicity
• Important Compounds of Silver

  • Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
  • Ammoniated Silver Nitrate [Ag(NH3)2NO3]
  • Silver Trinitrophenolate
  • Silver Iodide (AgI)
  • Mild Silver Protein (Argyrol)
  • Strong Silver Protein (Protargol)
  • Colloidal Silver Protein (Collargol)
  • Colloidal Silver Chloride (Lunosol)
• Gold (Au)


  • Most malleable and ductile
  • Best conductor of electricity
• Dimercaprol


  Antidote for Gold toxicity
• Aqua regia


  3 part HCl + 1 part HNO3, dissolves Gold
• Important Compounds of Gold

  • Aurothioglucose (IM)
  • Gold Sodium Thiomalate (IM)
  • Auranofin (PO)
  • Colloidal Gold (Purple of Cassius)
• Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals

  Beryllium is never employed in medicine because it is the most toxic metal
• Magnesium


  • Lightest of all structurally important metals
  • 2nd most abundant intracellular cation
  • A Chlorophyll component
  • Compound of Grignard's reagent
• Natural Sources of Magnesium

  • Silicates (talc, asbestos)
  • CO3 (magnesite, dolomite)
  • SO4 (kieserite)
• Pharmacological Actions of Magnesium

  • Laxative
  • Depressant
  • Natural Calcium-channel Blocker
• Other Use of Magnesium: Flares
• Calcium Gluconate


  Antidote for Magnesium Poisoning