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• Two natural resources of Guyana

  • Forests
  • Gold
• Reasons why gold is important to Guyana

  1. Can be used to create jewelry for domestic and international sale

  2. Contributes to GDP through exploitation and utilization

  3. Provides employment opportunities for those involved in mining and processing

  4. Can be used as a form of collateral for economic transactions
• The new road

  Provided accessibility that contributed positively to the illegal tree harvesting trade
• The new environmental policy

  Reduced the illegal tree harvesting trade
• It took 12 years for the illegal tree harvesting trade to return to the level that existed before the new road was built
• Natural resources should be conserved

  Many are non-renewable and can be used up, so they can be lost for a very long period of time
• Waste reduction and minimization

  Requires less energy to treat waste, and less land space for storage, thereby conserving natural resources
• Measures to encourage industries to practice waste reduction and minimization

  • Tax break incentives
  • Implementation and enforcement of proper waste disposal legislation
• Tax break incentives


  Persuade industries to practice waste minimization by reducing their economic expenditure
• Enforcement of waste disposal legislation

  Imposes economic consequences if the legislation is breached, persuading industries to comply
• Establishing an independent body


  To monitor and account for waste disposal, without bias, to foster a culture of sustainability
• Sedimentation and siltation from gravel extraction and quarrying activities can result in significant water pollution
• A series of settling points are used to reduce the total suspended solid load leaving the quarry
• Using the ALARP principle


  Reducing components to the least amount reasonably practicable, to minimize pollutants discharged
• Country B


  Practices consumptive use of trees, as indicated by the declining tree density line
• Country B began practicing consumptive use of trees in 1984
• Rate of change


  Using a ruler or straight edge to determine the rate of change between two points on a graph
• For the year 1985, the value on the y-axis is approximately 2,900 trees per square kilometer
• For the year 1995, the value on the y-axis is approximately 1,200 trees per square kilometer
• Calculating the rate of change

  1. 2,900 - 1,200 = 1,700 trees per square kilometer

  2. 1,700 trees / 10 years = 170 trees per square kilometer per year
• Examples of consumptive use of natural resources (other than logging)

  • Fishing
  • Hunting
  • Mining/quarrying/excavation
• Possible environmental impacts of hotel development on beaches

  • Increased sedimentation
  • Increased water turbidity
  • Eutrophication and algal blooms
• Sustainable yield management

  Conservation approach associated with agriculture to minimize erosion and nutrient losses
• Use of substitutes for renewable resources

  Associated with industrial activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• The measure that would apply to the proposed hotel development is the reduction and minimization of waste
• Sustainable yield management and use of substitutes for renewable resources do not apply to the proposed hotel development
• Renewable natural resources

  • Groundwater
  • Seagrass beds
  • Beaches
  • Coral reefs
  • Soils
• Non-renewable natural resources

  • Bauxite
  • Sand
  • Oil
  • Gravel
  • Gold
• Geographical factors affecting natural resource use

  • Location, topography, latitude, climate
  • Influence extraction, quantity, and challenges
• Technological factors affecting natural resource use

  • Efficiency of extraction and processing machinery
  • Improvements over time enable more efficient use
• Population and gravel extraction both increased progressively from 1900 to 2000
• Population growth

  Increase in gravel extraction
• Estimated gravel extraction in 2020 is approximately 5.2 thousand tons
• Settling ponds

  Reduce particulate matter and dust in water from quarry sites
• Barriers/reforestation

  Suppress dust and erosion around quarry sites after extraction
• Motivation of planting of trees in the periphery of the quarry zone

  1. Even after quarrying mechanisms have been significant

  2. Gravel extraction is associated with the removal of vegetative cover

  3. Re-establishment of reforestation of particular vegetation types

  4. To suppress the amount of dust or particles

  5. To provide that level of cover

  6. To reduce the amount further erosion on the quarried environments
• This is the last question for 2012 people, let us continue with 2013 paper unit 1 paper 2 module 3
• The policies of the country's government can significantly affect the use of natural resources by citizens
• Tax incentives

  A policy implemented in 1978 that allowed a 100% tax refund on the cost of purchasing and installing solar water heating systems
• The graph shows the number of solar water heaters from 1974 to 1990