survey

• Land Surveying


  The art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above and below the earth's surface; and representing this information on paper plans, as figures in report tables or on computer based maps

  
• Surveyor


  • Conducts land surveys
• Classifications of Survey


  • Plane Surveying
  • Geodetic Surveying
• Plane Surveying


  Involves relatively small and flat areas, where measurements are plotted to represent the projection on the horizontal plane of the actual field measurement
• Geodetic Surveying


  Involves the curved surface of the earth, providing control points and a high degree of precision using refined instruments and adjustment methods

  
• Branches of Surveying


  • Topographic Surveys
  • Engineering Surveys
  • Cadastral Surveys
  • Remote Sensing
  • Geographic Information System (GIS)
  • Global Positioning System (GPS)
  • Photogrammetry
  • Hydrographic Survey

  
• Topographic Survey


  Collects data about the elevation of points on a piece of land and presents them as contour lines on a plot, to show natural and man-made features on the surface of the earth

  
• Engineering Survey


  Serves construction projects, from design stage to quality control and monitoring of completed structures
• Cadastral Survey


  Concerned with the survey and demarcation of land for the purpose of defining parcels of land for registration in a land registry

  
• Remote Sensing


  The science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites, without making physical contact
• Geographic Information System (GIS)


  A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data
• Global Positioning System (GPS)


  A network of orbiting satellites that send precise details of their position in space back to earth, allowing GPS receivers to calculate the exact position, speed and time at the receiver's location
• Photogrammetry


  The method of determining the shapes, size and positions of objects using photographs, typically taken from aircraft
• Hydrographic Survey


  A survey in a marine environment, mapping the coastlines and sea bed, for safe navigation and protection of the marine environment

  
• The concept of "From Whole to the Part" is a principle of surveying
• Site survey procedure


  1. Reconnaissance

  2. Conduct a survey

  3. Booking

  4. Draw plan

  
• Reconnaissance


  The first task on a survey, to get an overall view of the area, establish the best survey stations, and locate traversing stations
• Conduct a survey


  To determine the relative position and sizes of natural and artificial features on the land, using linear measurement, compass surveying, levelling, theodolite surveying, GPS etc.

  
• Booking


  Recording the survey data in a book or notes, with each different survey on a new page, clearly written
• Draw plan


  Creating a plan with a frame, north direction, legends, survey lines, scale, measurements and stations

  
• Types of Measurement


  • Linear measurement (Distance)
  • Angle measurement (Bearing)
• Angle


  Classified as horizontal angle and vertical angle, used to determine bearing, azimuth and for trigonometric levelling and stadia
• Interior Angle


  The angle measured inside a closed polygon
• Exterior Angle


  The angle measured clockwise or counter-clockwise between two adjacent lines on the outside of a closed polygon
• Bearing


  The angle between the direction of a line and the direction of the meridian or north at the beginning of the line
• Surveying Instruments


  • Chain
  • Steel Band
  • Compass
  • Total Station
  • Theodolites