summary

• Land surveying


  The process of determining and recording the positions of natural and artificial features on, above, or below the earth's surface
• Land surveying


  • Information is represented on paper plans, as figures in reports, or on computer-based maps
• Basic types of surveys

  • Plane surveying
  • Geodetic surveying
• Plane surveying


  Used for small, flat areas, measurements are projected onto a horizontal plane, common in engineering projects
• Geodetic surveying


  Used for large, curved surfaces of the earth, high precision over large areas, provides control points and high accuracy
• Branches of surveying


  • Topographic surveys
  • Engineering surveys
  • Cadastral surveys
  • Remote sensing
  • Geographic Information System (GIS)
  • Global Positioning System (GPS)
  • Photogrammetry
  • Hydrographic surveys
• Topographic surveys


  Collects data about the elevation of land features, represents data with contour lines on a map, includes features like trees, hills, buildings, and streets
• Engineering surveys


  Supports construction projects from design to completion, ensures projects follow design specifications, examples include road, dam, and railway construction
• Cadastral surveys


  Determines land boundaries for legal purposes, in Malaysia, conducted by the Department of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) and licensed surveyors, used for land registration and title issuance
• Remote sensing


  Collects information from a distance using aircraft or satellites, no physical contact with the object, used for observing and mapping large areas
• Geographic Information System (GIS)


  Captures, stores, analyzes, and presents geographical data, integrates various types of data for mapping and analysis
• Global Positioning System (GPS)


  Network of satellites providing precise location data, used for navigation and surveying with high accuracy
• Photogrammetry


  Uses photographs to measure and map objects, often done with aerial photos from aircraft, useful for mapping hazardous areas
• Hydrographic surveys


  Maps marine environments, including coastlines and seabeds, supports safe navigation and marine construction, produces nautical charts for navigation
• Concept of 'From Whole to the Part'

  Surveying starts with a general overview and narrows down to detailed measurements
• Survey procedure steps


  • Reconnaissance
  • Conducting the survey
  • Booking
  • Drawing the plan
• Reconnaissance


  Initial inspection to understand the survey area, establish survey stations and locate traversing points
• Conducting the survey


  Measure positions and sizes of features, use various methods like linear measurement, compass surveying, and GPS
• Booking


  Record survey data in a notebook, ensure clear and organized notes with site plans
• Drawing the plan


  Include frame, north direction, legend, survey lines, scale, measurements, and stations, create a clear and accurate map or plan from the survey data
• Measurements


  • Linear measurement (distance)
  • Angle measurement (bearing)
• Linear measurement (distance)


  Measure the distance between points
• Angle measurement (bearing)


  Horizontal and vertical angles, bearings indicate the direction of a line relative to the north
• Surveying instruments


  • Linear measurement: chain, steel band
  • Angle and bearing measurement: compass, theodolite, total station