RnW FINAL

• Critical Reading – goes beyond recognition of the text’s meaning and restating it in your own words
• Fact – is characterized by its ability to be verified through experimentation, personal observation, or credible sources.
• Opinion – is a statement that cannot be proven or checked. It tells what someone thinks, feels, or believes.
• Inference – is an idea or conclusion that’s drawn from evidence and reasoning. An inference is an educated guess. When you are making an inference, you are reading between the lines or just looking carefully at the facts and coming to conclusions.
• Author’s purpose – is his reason for or intent in writing. It may be to amuse the reader, to persuade the reader, or to inform him.
• Tone – reflects the author’s attitude in approaching the topic.
• Critical reading - is engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author’s claim.
• Reasoning - as defined in Merriam-Webster dictionary, is an act of giving statements for justification and explanation. It is the ability of someone to defend something by giving out reasons.
• Logical Fallacies - are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument.
• Evaluative statement - It is a statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing
• Assertions - are declarative sentences that give one’s belief about something else as if it is true though it may not be.
• four types of assertions

  1. Fact
  2. convention
  3. opinion
  4. preference
• Counterclaims - are made to rebut a previous claim. It is an opposition you make about the claim of a writer.
• Hedge - is a word or phrase that minimizes the negative impact of criticism.
• Steps Used in Critical Reading as Reasoning by Maxine Rafaella C. Rodriguez and Marella Therese A. Tiongson:

  1. Identifying assertions
  2. Formulating a counterclaim
  3. Determining evidence
• Textual evidence - is defined as the details given by the author in order to support his/her claims.
• Textual Evidences presentation:

  1. Paraphrasing
  2. Summarizing
  3. Referencing
  4. Quoting
• Book reviews can apply to all novels, no matter the genre.
• Planning - Create an essay outline which includes all of the main points you wish to summarize in your book analysis.
• Introduction - Presumably, you have chosen your book. To begin, mention the book title and author’s name.
• Body - Choose a specific chapter or scenario to summarize. Include about 3 quotes in the body.
• Conclusion - Write a summary of the summarized quotations and explanations, included in the body paragraphs.
• Rate the Book - After writing a book review, you may want to include a rating. Including a star-rating provides further insight into the quality of the book, to your readers.
• literature review - is a type of academic essay that examines what has already been written about a topic.
• Literature reviews consist of the following components and their purposes:

  1. Introduction
  2. Main Body
  3. Conclusion
  4. References
• Research Report - is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer’s views and findings on a chosen subject.
• Title - It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report. Similarly, it should be as short as possible, including essential key words.
• Abstract - It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length containing 200-300 words.
• Introduction - It provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answerand a review of any literature that is relevant.
• Methodology - This is arguably the most important section for two reasons: (1) it allows readers to evaluate the quality of the research, and (2) it provides the details by which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings.
• Results - In longer research papers, the results section contains the data and perhaps a short introduction.
• Discussion - This section is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing body or literature.
• References - This section provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research report. Any fact, idea, or direct quotation used in the report should be cited and referenced.
• Project Proposal - is a document that is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment selling.
• Proposals - are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal proposal is about 2-4 pages long. Meanwhile, a formal proposal has 5 or more pages.
• Position Paper - is a composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified entity about an issue.
• Components of a Position Paper:

  1. Introduction – identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on that issue.
  2. Body – contains the central argument and can be further broken up into sections: A. Possible objections to your position (counter argument)
  3. Conclusion – restating the key points and when applicable, suggest resolution to the issue.