bio health n disease

• The immune system is the body's defense against foreign substances.
• stent - a small mesh tube used to widen narrowed blood vessels and allow blood to flow more easily.
• antibiotic - drugs that kill or stop the growth of bacteria
• vaccine - a substance containing dead, weakened, or killed microorganisms (or parts of them) given to stimulate the production of antibodies and build immunity to a specific disease
• AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• chalara dieback is a communicable disease of ash trees caused by a fungus. It produces lesions of the trunk and branches and dieback of the leaves.
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks white blood cells in the human immune system, often leading to AIDS.
• malaria is an infectious disease transmitted through mosquito bites. The parasite causes symptoms such as fever, headache, vomiting, and muscle pains.
• tuberculosis is a bacterial infection spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit.
• a white blood cell is a type of blood cell that forms part of the immune system
• lysis is when the cell membrane of a cell breaks open, releasing the contents of the cell.
• A lysogenic pathway is a pathway in a virus life cycle where the virus genetic material inserts into the cell's genetic material and is replicated each time the cell divides.
• A lytic pathway is a where a virus injects its genome into the host cell to produce more viruses and causes the host cell to burst.
• chemical defence is the use of chemical compounds to defend against attacks by pathogens, such as lysozyme and hydrochloric acid in humans, and poisons and insect repellents in plants.
• A physical barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to enter the body such as ,the skin, mucus and cilia in the nose, and cuticles and cell walls in plants.
• chlamydia is a bacterial infection that causes a sexually transmitted infections.
• hydrochloric acid - acid produced by cells lining the stomach, of about pH 2, which destroys many pathogens in food and drink.
• mucus - A sticky substance secreted by cells that line many openings to the body.
• lysozyme - an enzyme produced in tears, saliva, and mucus, which damages pathogens.
• ciliated cells - A cell that lines certain tubes in the body and has cilia on its surface.
• lesion: a region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease, such as a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumour.
• antibody - a protein produced by lymphocytes. It attaches to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps destroy it.
• lymphocytes - white blood cells that produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.
• memory lymphocyte - a lymphocyte that remains in the blood for a long time after an infection or vaccination.
• secondary response - A much more rapid, and more intense response to the original stimulus with antibodies.
• antibiotic - a medicine that when inside the body, either kills bacteria or stops them growing.
• penicillin - the first kind of antibiotic. It was extracted from a mould (fungus)
• Antiseptic - used on humans to prevent infection, especially in wounds.
• Disinfectant - a chemical agent that kills or inactivates microorganisms
• Painkillers - used to stop the feeling of pain.
• Pros and cons - of medications for CVD - side effects, start working immediately, easy to do, cheaper and less risky than surgery.
• Pros and cons - of lifestyle changes for CVD - no side effects, cheapest options, take time, may not work, reduces chances for other health conditions.
• Pros and cons - stent for CVD - Usually long term, recovery time is quick, risk of complication.
• Pros and cons - Coronary Bypass surgery for CVD - Usually long term, recovery time is long, risk of complication.
• BMI formula - weight (kg) / height (m) x 703
• BMI weight status - below 18.5 = under weight

  18.5 -24.9 = normal

  25-29.9 = overweight

  30 and above = obese
• hip to waist ratio : ratio= waist/hips
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
• Noncommunicable diseases are not transmitted from person to person but rather develop slowly over time due to lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, etc.
• Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc.