Frederick griffith discovered that DNA is the carrier of genetic information in 1928
griffith discovered transformation factor in 1928
Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase discovered genetic material is DNA in 1952
Rosalind Franklin discovered x-ray crystallography in 1953
James Watson & Francis Crick discovered DNA double helix in 1953
waston and crick started to build there first model with cardboard
transcription DNA to RNA is called transcription, and it is the process by which genetic information is used to make proteins
transcription is from DNA to RNA
steps of transcription 1. Initiation2. Elongation 3. Termination
RNA Processing
● poly(A) tail●5' Cap● Splicing - Exons are Expressed
Genetic Code (1960s)
●Marshall Nirenberg ●Triplet Code● Codons
Central Dogma
● Francis Crick ●Two Main Stages:
Transcription
DNA -> RNA - nucleus
2. Translation
RNA -> Protein - cytoplasm
DNA Replication
● Meselson & Stahl ● 1958
Structure of RNA
● Uracil instead of Thymine
Structure of DNA
● Deoxyribonucleic acid
● Nitrogenous bases
Pyrmidines
■ thymine
■ cytosine
Purines
■ adenine
■ guanine
● Complementary● Antiparallel
● Sugar-Phosphate backbone ● Double Helix
types of RNA (mRNA), (tRNA), (rRNA)
the role ribosome plays in translation is to translate the mRNA into a sequence of amino acids
DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded.
New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA polymerases, which require a template and a primer (starter) and synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. During DNA replication, one new strand (the leading strand) is made as a continuous piece. The other (the lagging strand) is made in small pieces.
DNA has 2 strans
RNA has 1 stran
Transcription occurs when a section of DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs when the mRNA is used to make proteins.
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine). The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A with T, C with G).
DNA strain are anti- Parallel and run in opposite direction