chp 10

• nonsense mutation occur when a mutation causes a premature stop Condon in the sequence of amino acids
• ligase links the DNA fragments together to form a new DNA molecule.
• The central dogma is the idea is DNA-RNA -Protein
• amino acids are brought to the growing polypeptide chain by tRNA
• The start codon is AUG
• DNA replication is semi-conservative
• DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand
• adenine- a double ring nitrogenous base found in the DNA and RNA.
• anticondon- on a tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to the codon triple on the mRNA
• Bacteriophage- a virus that infects bacteria, also called a phage
• Cytosine- A single ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA
• Condon- a three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that species a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal, the basic unit of the genetic code.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid 🧬 (DNA) - A double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotides monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine . Capable of relocating , DNA is an organism genetic material.
• double helix- the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands interwound into a spiral shape.
• DNA ligase - An enzyme ,essential for DNA replication , that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA polynucleotide strands. DNA ligase is used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector.
• DNA polymerase- A large molecular complex that assemble DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template .
• Exons - the part of a gene that becomes part of the final messenger RNA and is therefore expressed.
• Frameshift mutation- The set of roles that dictates the amino acid translations of each mRNA nucleotide triplet.
• Frameshift mutation - A change in the genetic material that involves the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene resulting in a change in the triplet grouping of nucleotides.
• genetic code- The set of rules that dictates the amino acid translations each mRNA nucleotide triplet .
• Guanine- A double ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA.
• Intron - An internal , noncoding region of a gene that does not become part of the final messenger RNA molecule and is therefore not expressed
• messenger RNA(mRNA)- the type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and coneys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences.
• missense mutation- a change in the nucleotide sequence of the resulting polypeptide In a missense mutation, a Condon is changed from encoding one amino acid to encoding a different amino acid.
• mutagen- a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
• mutation- A change in the genetic information of a cell , the ultimate source of genetic diversity. A mutation also can occur in the DNA or RNA of a Virus
• non-sense mutation- a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that converts on amino acids encoding Condon to a stop codon. A nonsense mutation result in a shortened polypeptide.
• nucleotide- a building blocking of nucleic acids, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.
• polynucleotide- a polymer made up of many nucleotide monomers contently bonded together.
• promoter- a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the bonding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomer with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, usually in a single-stranded functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.
• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- The type of ribonucleic acid that together with protein make up ribosomes the most abundant type of RNA in most cells.
• RNA - a single helix, uracil instead of thymine ,extra oxygen molecule (AGTC)
• DNA- double helix, thymine instead of uracil, missing on oxygen(AGUC)
• The process of DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. This happens at the "S" phase of the cell cycle. DNA is a double helix , one strand going 5' to 3'(leading) and the other going 3' to 5' (lagging)
• Transcription occurs in the nucleus. Translations occurs in the ribosomes. Translation begins when mRNA goes to the rRNA (ribosomes) and the mRNA codons match up with the tRNA anticodons and corresponding amino acids to make a protein.
• transcription is the synthesis of mRNA on a DNA template Translation, the synthesis of polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in and mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotide to amino acids. Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA
• Eukaryotic RNA processing before leaving the nucleus

  1. Addition of extra nucleotides to the end of the RNA transcript

  2. Addition of a small cap (a single G nucleotide) at one end

  3. Addition of a long tail (a chain of 50 to 250 A nucleotides) at the other end
• Cap and tail

  • Facilitate the export of the mRNA from the nucleus
  • Protect the mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes
  • Help ribosomes bind the mRNA
• The cap and the tail themselves are not translated into protein