BIOLOGY

• Organic and Inorganic compounds

  Building blocks of chemistry
• Organic compounds

  • Mainly found in living organisms
  • Carbon-based
  • Form the essence of life, from DNA to proteins
  • Major constituents: C, H, O, N
• Organic compounds


  • Chitin
  • Glycogen
• Inorganic compounds

  • Lack carbon
  • Often minerals, metals, or salts
• Eukaryotes

  All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus

  
• Types of Cells in the Human Body

  • Stem Cells
  • Blood Cells
  • Reproductive Cells
  • Nerve Cells
• Stem Cells


  • The body's raw material
  • Serve as a repair system for the body
  • Two main types: embryonic and adult
• Blood Cells


  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets
• Types of White Blood Cells

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
• Platelets


  • Small fragments of cells
  • Help the blood clotting process to prevent blood loss after injury
• Gametes


  • An organism's reproductive cells
  • Female gametes are called ova or egg cells
  • Male gametes are called sperm
• Sperm Cell

  • Tadpole-shaped
  • Smallest cell in the human body
  • Provides half of the genetic material to form a fertilized zygote or embryo
• Egg Cell

  • Largest cell in the human body
  • Carries the set of chromosomes contributed by the female and creates the right environment to enable fertilization by the sperm
• Nerve Cells

  • Also called neurons
  • Form the communication system of the body
  • Send messages all over your body
  • Consist of two major parts: cell body and nerve processes (axon and dendrites)
• Organelle

  A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
• Cell Membrane

  • Cells' outer membrane
  • Regulates the flow of substances that enter and exit the cell
  • Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
  • Also called the plasma membrane
  • Found in all cells
• Cell Wall

  • A barrier that protects the cell
  • Present in all plant cells, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea
• Cytoplasm

  • The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
  • Maintains and provides shape of the cell
• Nucleus

  • The control center of the cell
  • Responsible for storing the cell's hereditary material or the DNA
  • Responsible for coordinating many of the important cellular activities
• Nucleolus

  • A spherical structure located in the nucleus
  • Main job is to create and assemble the ribosomes within the cell
• Ribosomes

  • An intracellular structure made of both RNA and protein
  • The site of protein synthesis in the cell
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • A group of interconnected flattened sacs
  • Part of a continuous membrane organelle that makes up the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
  • Involved in protein synthesis
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Involved in the mobilization of glucose from glycogen, calcium storage, drug detoxification, and the synthesis of lipids
• Vesicle

  • Cellular organelles composed of a lipid bilayer
  • Help transport materials an organism needs to survive and recycle waste materials
  • Can also absorb and destroy toxic substances and pathogens to prevent cell damage and infection
• Golgi Apparatus

  Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell
• Vacuole

  • Involved in storage and transport, intracellular environmental stability, and response to injury
  • In animal cells, it segregates waste
  • In plant cells, it helps maintain the water balance
• Lysosomes

  • A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
  • Basically a digestive system that digests what goes in and out of the cell
• Mitochondria

  • The powerhouse of the cell
  • Generates energy by harnessing nutrients to fuel the intricate machinery of life
  • Creates energy that fuels up the cell
• Chloroplast

  • An organelle that houses the pigment chlorophyll
  • Used in photosynthetic reactions to turn sunlight into usable energy and release oxygen from water
  • Makes energy through photosynthesis
• Centriole

  • Helps arrange the microtubules that make up the skeleton of the cell
  • Aids in identifying the positions of the cell's organelles, including the nucleus
  • Maintains the organized position of the cells
• Cell Processes

  A biological process that produces new cells by dividing existing ones and then allowing those new cells to develop
• Cell Reproduction

  • A fundamental process to create life, occurring in all forms, ensuring the perpetuity of their existence, as well as growth, tissue replacement, and reproduction in multicellular organisms
  • Also known as cell division, is the stage in the cell cycle where each cell divides to form two daughter cells
• Mechanisms of Cell Reproduction

  • Binary fission
  • Meiosis
  • Mitosis
• Ways Cells Can Divide

  • Mitosis (produces two identical daughter cells)
  • Meiosis (produces four genetically diverse daughter cells)
• Cell Division

  • The process of a single cell dividing into two or more daughter cells, each of which can grow, develop, and perform specific functions
  • A basic biological activity that is necessary for living things to grow, heal, and reproduce
• Mitosis

  • The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
  • Essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, as well as for asexual reproduction in some single-celled organisms
• Stages of Mitosis

  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
• Cytokinesis

  • The physical separation of the cytoplasm
  • A cleavage furrow forms, ultimately separating the two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Meiosis

  • The process by which a single cell divides into four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
  • Responsible for producing egg cells and sperm cells
• Stages of Meiosis

  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II