Phychem

• Fundamental constants

  • Speed of light
  • Elementary charge
  • Planck's constant
  • Boltzmann's constant
  • Avogadro's constant
  • Gas constant
  • Faraday's constant
  • Electron mass
  • Proton mass
  • Neutron mass
  • Atomic mass constant
  • Vacuum permeability
  • Vacuum permittivity
  • Bohr magneton
  • Nuclear magneton
  • Proton magnetic moment
  • g-Value of electron
  • Magnetogyric ratio of electron
  • Magnetogyric ratio of proton
  • Bohr radius
  • Rydberg constant
  • Fine-structure constant
  • Stefan–Boltzmann constant
  • Standard acceleration of free fall
  • Gravitational constant
• Constant


  • Symbol
  • Value
  • Power of 10
  • Units
• Atkins' Physical Chemistry, Eleventh edition, published in 2018

  
• The cover image symbolizes the structure of the text, as a collection of Topics that merge into a unified whole. It also symbolizes the fact that physical chemistry provides a basis for understanding chemical and physical change.
• The principal change in this edition is the addition of a new co-author to the team, James Keeler of the University of Cambridge.
• The text now sets up a question and the 'How is that done?' section that immediately follows develops the relevant equation, which then flows into the following text.
• The 'Justifications' that show how an equation is derived have been replaced.
• The 'Method' in the worked Examples has been replaced by the more encouraging 'Collect your thoughts', where with this small change the authors acknowledge that different approaches are possible but that students welcome guidance.
• The 'Brief illustrations' remain: they are intended simply to show how an equation is implemented and give a sense of the order of magnitude of a property.
• The authors have had to remove some subjects simply to keep the bulk of the text manageable and have used the web to maintain the comprehensive character of the text without overburdening the presentation.
• The book is a living, evolving text that depends very much on input from users throughout the world, and the authors welcome advice and comments.
• Physical state


  The physical condition of a sample of a substance, defined by its physical properties
• Mechanical equilibrium


  The condition of equality of pressure on either side of a shared movable wall
• The chemist's toolkits are reminders of the key mathematical, physical, and chemical concepts that you need to understand in order to follow the text
• The chemist's toolkits appear where they are first needed
• Many of the Toolkits are relevant to more than one Topic, and a compilation of them, with enhancements in the form of more information and brief illustrations, appears on the web site
• We have annotated many equations to help you follow how they are developed
• An annotation can take you across the equals sign: it is a reminder of the substitution used, an approximation made, the terms that have been assumed constant, an integral used, and so on
• An annotation can also be a reminder of the significance of an individual term in an expression
• We sometimes colour a collection of numbers or symbols to show how they carry from one line to the next
• Many of the equations are labelled to highlight their significance
• A handy checklist at the end of each topic summarizes the most important equations and the conditions under which they apply
• Don't think, however, that you have to memorize every equation in these checklists
• Deducing the phase rule

  Consider the simpler case when only one component is present and then generalize the result to an arbitrary number of components
• When only one phase is present (P = 1), both p and T can be varied independently, so F = 2
• When two phases α and β are in equilibrium (P = 2), their chemical potentials must be equal
• Properties of bulk matter


  • Mass, m
  • Volume, V
  • Amount of substance, n
• A Brief illustration shows you how to use an equation or concept that has just been introduced in the text
• Worked Examples are more detailed illustrations of the application of the material, and typically require you to assemble and deploy the relevant concepts and equations
• Discussion questions are designed to encourage you to reflect on the material you have just read, to review the key concepts, and sometimes to think about its implications and limitations
• Exercises are designed as relatively straightforward numerical tests; the Problems are more challenging and typically involve constructing a more detailed answer
• Integrated activities at the end of every Focus are designed to help you use your knowledge creatively in a variety of ways
• Impact sections showcase physical chemistry as an evolving subject
• A deeper look sections take a more in-depth look at selected topics
• The gas laws and the weather
• The biggest sample of gas readily accessible to us is the atmosphere, a mixture of gases with the composition summarized in Table 1
• The composition is maintained moderately constant by diffusion and convection (winds, particularly the local turbulence called eddies) but the pressure and temperature vary with altitude and with the local conditions, particularly in the troposphere (the 'sphere of change'), the layer extending up to about 11 km
• Fugacity


  A measure of the escaping tendency of a substance from a mixture or solution
• At various stages in the development of physical chemistry it is necessary to switch from a consideration of idealized systems to real systems
• In many cases it is desirable to preserve the form of the expressions that have been derived for an idealized system, then deviations from the idealized behaviour can be expressed most simply