10.1

• Study of human brain damage serves two purposes:

  It increases our understanding of the healthy brain and serves as a basis for the development of new treatments.
• Causes of Brain Damage:

  brain tumors, cerebrovascular disorders, closed-head injuries, infections of the brain, neurotoxins, genetic factors
• True or False: Programmed cell death mediates many forms of brain damage.

  True
• A tumor, or neoplasm (literally, “new growth”), is a mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body.
• True or False: According to Pinel and Barnes (2021), about 20 percent of tumors found in the human brain are Gliomas.

  False, Meningiomas
• Meningiomas are tumors that grow between the meninges, the three membranes that cover the central nervous system.
• All meningiomas are encapsulated tumors — tumors that grow within their own membrane.
• How does tumors influence brain function?

  by the pressure they exert on surrounding tissue
• Benign tumors are tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body.
• Infiltrating tumors are those that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue.
• Infiltrating tumors are those that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue. As a result, they are usually malignant tumors; that is, it is difficult to remove or destroy them completely, and any cancerous tissue that remains after surgery usually continues to grow.
• Gliomas (brain tumors that develop from glial cells) are infiltrating, rapidly growing, and unfortunately the most common form of malignant brain tumors.
• True or False: According to Pinel and Barnes(2021) about 10 percent of brain tumors do not originate in the brain.

  True
• Tumors that grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body. These tumors are called metastatic tumors.
• Transmission of disease from one organ to another

  metastasis
• Tumors that grow on nerves or tracts.

  acoustic neuromas
• Strokes are sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage
• The symptoms of a stroke depend on the area of the brain affected, but common consequences of stroke are amnesia, aphasia (language difficulties), psychiatric disorders, dementia, paralysis, and coma.
• The area of dead or dying tissue produced by a stroke is called an infarct.
• Surrounding the infarct is a dysfunctional area called the penumbra.