FUNDA LEC APRIL

• Levels of Prevention

  • Primary Prevention
  • Secondary Prevention
  • Tertiary Prevention
• Primary Prevention

  Consists of health promotion and illness prevention
• Primary Prevention


  • Aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs
  • Done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury
  • Done by altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to disease or injury
  • Done by increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur
• Primary Prevention


  • Legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous products (e.g. asbestos) or to mandate safe and healthy practices (ex. use of seatbelts and bike helmets)
  • Education about healthy and safe habits (eating well or adequate and proper nutrition, weight control and exercise/ exercising regularly, stress reduction, not smoking)
  • Immunization against infectious diseases
• Health Promotion


  Emphasizes the important role clients play in maintaining their own health and encourage them to maintain the highest level of wellness they can achieve
• Health Promotion


  • Smoke cessation campaigns -Assists the individual to quit smoking and protect the public from ill effects of secondhand smoke by regulating where people are permitted to smoke
  • Environmental programs that can reduce the incidence of illness and disability -Decrease air pollution, automobile exhaust systems are inspected to ensure acceptable levels of fumes
• Secondary Prevention


  Consists of diagnosis and treatment
• Secondary Prevention


  • Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred
  • Done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress
  • Done by encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence
  • Done by implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems
• Secondary Prevention


  • Regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (mammograms to detect breast cancer)
  • Daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes
  • Suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs
• Tertiary Prevention


  Consists of rehabilitation, health restoration and palliative care
• Tertiary Prevention


  • Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects
  • Done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (Ex. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy
• Tertiary Prevention


  • Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs (e.g. for diabetes, arthritis, depression, etc.)
  • Support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well
  • Vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for new jobs when they have recovered as much as possible
• Palliative Care


  Medical care focused on improving the quality of life of patients with serious illnesses, as by treating symptoms and providing emotional support
• Types of Healthcare Agencies and Services


  • Acute care or general hospitals
  • Specialty care hospitals
  • Extended [Long Term]Care Facilities /nursing homes or long-term care facilities
  • Ambulatory care centers, surgical centers, or outpatient clinics
  • Physicians' offices
  • Health maintenance organization (HMO)
  • Home health care
  • Rehabilitation center
  • Hospice services
  • Retirement and Assisted Living Centers
• Providers of Health Care

  • Nurse
  • Alternative[complementary] Care provider
  • Case Managers
  • Dentist
  • Dietitian or Nutritionist
  • Emergency Medical Personnel
  • Occupational Therapist
  • Paramedical Technologist
  • Pharmacist
  • Physical Therapist
  • Physician
  • Physician assistants
  • Podiatrist
  • Respiratory Therapist
  • Social worker
  • Spiritual support personnel
  • Unlicensed Assistive Personnel
• Although all members of the health care team individualize care for the client based on the expertise of their own discipline, there are areas of overlap facilitated through teamwork
• Factors Affecting Health Care Delivery

  • Increasing number of older adults
  • Advances in technology
  • Economics
  • Women's health issues
• By 2020, over 62 million adults over 65
• Substantial home management, nursing support services required
• Community involvement
• New procedures, medications
• Bedside charting and computers
• Health spending predicted to increase substantially after Affordable Care Act
• Cost increases, mostly in outpatient and prescriptions
• Health care team

  • Members individualize care for the client based on the expertise of their own discipline
  • There are areas of overlap facilitated through teamwork
• Factors affecting health care delivery
• Factors affecting health care delivery

  • Increasing number of older adults
  • Advances in technology
  • Economics
  • Women's health issues
  • Increased specialization
  • Access to health insurance
  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
  • Demographic changes
• Managed care

  Health care system whose goals are to provide cost-effective, quality care with decreased costs and improved outcomes for groups of patients
• Managed care

  • Customer satisfaction
  • Preventive services
• Case management

  Range of models for integrating health care services
• Critical pathways


  Plan that tracks client's progress
• Differentiated practice


  Best possible use of nursing personnel based on education and skill sets, customized within each institution
• Case method


  Total care, one nurse responsible for comprehensive care of a group during an 8- or 12-hour shift
• Functional method

  Focuses on jobs to be completed, production and efficiency may cause neglect of client's emotional needs
• Team nursing

  Group of providers led by a professional nurse (RN), includes RNs, LPNs, and UAPs
• Primary nursing


  One nurse responsible for overseeing total care of client(s) 24/7 even if care is not all delivered personally, requires technical knowledge and management
• Philippine health care delivery system

  • Government: Department of Health and Local Government Units (LGU)
  • Private: for-profit and non-profit agencies
• Financing of Philippine health care

  Provided by government (national and local), private sources, and social health insurance
• Department of Health (DOH)

  National agency mandated to lead the health sector towards assuring quality health care for all Filipinos, with a vision to be a global leader for attaining better health outcomes, competitive and responsive health care system, and equitable health financing, and a mission to guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in health
• Levels of health care delivery

  • General hospitals: services for all kinds of illnesses, injuries, or deformities
  • Specialty hospitals: services for a particular disease or condition or in one type of patient