Leadership

• Define a leader?

  - someone who has influence in helping others to achieve their goals

  - play a role in maintaining effort and motivation by inspiring teams and setting targets
• What are the two types of leaders?

  - prescribed leaders

  - emergent leaders
• Define prescribed leaders?

  - appointed from outside of the group

  - often from another group or higher authority (NGB)

  - often because a group might wish to take on new ideas and learn new methods
• Give an example of a prescribed leader?

  - David Moyes was appointed to Manchester United as a prescribed leader
• Define an emergent leader and give an example?

  - appointed from within the group

  - David Beckham was appointed England and MU football captain

  - Ryan Giggs emerged as a leader from within MU
• Name leadership qualities?

  - charisma

  - communication

  - interpersonal skills

  - empathy
• Name leadership qualities (part 2)?

  - experience

  - inspirational

  - confidence

  - organisational skills
• Explain the leadership qualities of charisma and communication in more detail?

  - Charisma: certain demeanour and presence that the leader has which makes others listen and follow

  
  

  - Communication: must be able to get their message across
• Explain the leadership qualities of interpersonal skills and empathy in more detail?

  - Interpersonal skills: the leader needs to interact with other members of the team and sometimes those outside the group (opposition, officials ...)

  
  

  -Empathy: the leader needs to be able to listen to others and take their views into account, showing an understanding and interest in their views
• Explain the leadership qualities of experience and being inspirational in more detail?

  - Experience: leaders would have a wealth of knowledge in their chosen sport built over many years

  
  

  - Inspirational: need to encourage others and keep them trying even when the going gets tough!
• Explain the leadership qualities of confidence and organisational skills in more detail?

  - Confidence: confidence can be gained from others so a confident approach from the leader can spread to the players

  
  

  - Organisational skills: a good leader would plan and prepare for training, linking it to the demands of the team
• Define leadership style?

  - manner in which the leader chooses to lead the group

  - crucial to good leadership and if the correct leadership style is used then the group is more likely to be successful
• What are the three styles of leadership identified by Lewin?

  1) Autocratic (task-orientated)

  2) Democratic (person-orientated)

  3) The laissez-faire style
• Define the autocratic (task-orientated) approach?


  - leader makes the decisions
• Explain the autocratic approach in more detail?

  - makes all the decisions and dictates instructions to the group

  - task orientated: concern of the leader to get results and reach targets
• When might a coach use an autocratic approach?

  - used by a coach who has made a specific plan to win a game, they will tell the players the plan and ensures that they follow it in the expectation of a win

  - need to ensure that they maintain contact with the group during the session to ensure that they are keeping on track
• Define a democratic approach?

  - decisions are made by group consultation
• Explain the democratic approach in more detail?

  - more sympathetic form of leadership and seeks the opinions of the group before making a decision based on those suggestions

  - person-orientated
• Define person-orientated leadership with an example?

  - concerned with the interpersonal relationships

  - listen to the senior players after watching video footage of the next opposition and make a plan which takes into consideration their points of views and suggestions

  - group usually continues to work when the coach is not present
• What is a laissez-faire leadership style?


  - leader does very little and leaves the group to it

  - manager may tell the players what they want from them in a training session and goes away safe in the knowledge that the senior players will conduct the session

  - less motivated players may stop working if they are alone
• What must the leader take into consideration when choosing a leadership style?


  - situation

  - the group

  - the leader themselves
• What needs to be considered about the situation?

  - time available

  - type of task

  - danger
• What needs to be considered about the group?

  - group size

  - group ability

  - age

  - gender
• What needs to be considered about the leader themselves?

  - characteristics

  - experience

  - preference
• What is the interactive approach to leadership?


  - leader must try and balance the requirements of the situation, the needs of the group and their own characteristics to try and choose the most effective leadership style
• When does Fiedler suggest that an autocratic (task-orientated style) should be used?


  - when everything is going well (favourable situation)

  - when everything is going badly (least favourable situation)
• What is the task-orientated style of leadership concerned about?


  - setting targets and reaching them quickly

  - results based
• When does Fiedler suggest that a democratic (person-orientated style) should be used?

  - moderately favourable situation
• What is the person-orientated style of leadership concerned about?

  - developing the interpersonal relationships of the group
• What depends on how favourable the situation is?


  - depends on the task

  - the leader-group relationship

  - the leader's position of authority
• Explain what a most favourable situation would look like?

  - the leader has respect

  - good support within the group

  - the group is of a high ability

  - high levels of motivation

  - task is clear to the team

  - harmony between the leader and group
• Explain what a least favourable situation would look like?

  - little respect for the leader

  - hostility between the group members and they don't support each other

  - group is of a low ability

  - low motivation

  - task is unclear

  - leader is weak
• Explain what a moderately favourable situation looks like?

  - the is a need or preference for consultation within the group

  - motivation is moderate

  - there is limited support

  - the group has reasonable ability
• What does Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model of leaderships look at?


  - factors that influence the choice of leadership style not just the situation

  - use an interactive approach to balance aspects of the situation, leader and group

  - more the leader uses a style that matches the requirements of the situation and the needs of the group, then the more satisfaction would be gained from the performer
• Explain situational factors and how they would influence what type of leadership style to use?

  - complex task may require more explaining

  - time available (autocratic if there is less time)

  - size of the group (autocratic if there is a large group)

  - danger (autocratic approach)
• Explain features of the group and how they would influence what type of leadership style to use?

  - women, empathy and consultation may be required (democratic) where as men may prefer an authoritarian approach to training

  - more experienced (democratic), less experienced (autocratic)

  - younger group (autocratic)
• Explain leadership factors and how they would influence what type of leadership style to use?


  - leadership characteristics: person with more empathy and interpersonal skills may use a democratic approach but a person who is more dominant may prefer an autocratic approach

  
  

  - experience: more experienced leaders will be more likely to pick the best approach and adapt this to different groups

  
  

  - Preference: use one which they know works in order to get the best out of the group
• Once the three leader behaviours have been assessed what must the leader consider?

  - the required behaviour

  - the actual behaviour

  - the preferred behaviour
• What is the required behaviour?

  - what the situation demands

  - result of an assesment of the situation and may involve being autocratic during a quick break during play when giving out instruction
• What is the actual behaviour?

  - what the leader decides to do in relation to the leadership style

  - chosen to match the situation and the group demands