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• Live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV; the Sabin vaccine)


  OPV occasionally reverts to become virulent, causing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP)
• Meningitis


  Inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
• Pathogens that Cause Bacterial Meningitis


  • Several bacteria
  • Neisseria meningitidis is most common causative pathogen
• Vaccination can prevent meningitis
• Botulism


  • Caused by a toxin of Clostridium botulinum
  • Anaerobic, Gram-positive bacillus
  • Found in various foods (fruits, vegetables, fish)
  • In improperly canned food
  • In soil
  • Is considered a type of microbial intoxication
• Tetanus


  • An infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani
  • The bacteria produces a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions
  • Causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow
• Arbovirus Infections


  • Spread by bite from infected arthropods (insects)
  • Usually mosquitoes or ticks
• Naegleria Infection


  • Known as "brain eating amoeba"
  • Caused by the parasite Naegleria fowleri
  • Found in bodies of warm freshwater
  • Lakes, ponds, rivers, hot springs
  • Swimming pools can get contaminated with it
  • Water heaters
  • Discharge from powerplants
• Skin Structure and Function

  • Composed of many layers
  • Epidermis has 4 to 5 layers
  • No blood vessels
  • Basal cells join to the dermis, responsible for upward growth of skin
  • Absorb melanin to give skin pigmentation
  • Flatten and die
  • Serves as part of the innate immune system
  • Sweat residue results in the skin being a little salty
  • Can serve as a portal of entry
• Folliculitis


  • Infection of a hair follicle
  • The base of the follicle becomes red, swollen, and pus filled
  • Often called a pimple
  • When it occurs at the base of the eyelid it is called a sty
• Furuncle


  • A large, painful, raised nodular extension of folliculitis
  • Results from spread of the infection into surrounding tissues
• Carbuncle


  • A group of furuncles joined together
  • Most common cause is staphylococcus
• Gas Gangrene


  • When blood supply to a tissue is interrupted (ischemia)
  • Tissue becomes anaerobic, and necrosis (death) sets in
  • Cause: Clostridium species, particularly C. perfringens
• Bacteremia


  Bacteria present in the blood
• Septicemia


  Bacteria multiplying in the blood and releasing toxins
• Toxemia

  Toxins present in the blood
• Viremia


  Viruses present in the blood
• Symptoms of Leprosy


  • Asper that is red darker or lighter than normal
  • Growths on skin
  • Losing hair on eyebrows or lids
  • Curling to or fingers
  • Vision loss
  • Pains in hands or feet
• Mycobacterium leprae


  Bacteria that causes Leprosy
• Leprosy


  Also called Hansen's Disease
• Central Nervous System


  • Consists of brain and spinal cord
  • Integrates sensory information we receive
  • Generates body's response to the received information
• Peripheral Nervous System

  Carries information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body
• Poliovirus


  Destroys nerve cells in the spinal cord
• poliovirus

  • Causes muscle wasting and paralysis
• Central Nervous System (CNS)


  An axenic environment, with no normal microbiota
• Pathogens may access the CNS

  1. Through breaks in the bones and meninges

  2. Through medical procedures

  3. By travelling in peripheral neurons to the CNS
• The CNS is an axenic environment with no normal microbiota
• Pathogens may access the CNS through breaks in the bones and meninges, medical procedures, or by travelling in peripheral neurons
• Inflammation can alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier
• Portals of entry of infection into the CNS

  • Hematogenous spread
  • Direct implantation of microorganisms
  • Local extension
  • Through the peripheral nervous system into the CNS
• Hematogenous spread


  The most common means of entry
• Wound Botulism


  The illness results when C. Botulinum by itself or with other microorganisms infest a wound and produces toxins which reach other parts of the body via the blood stream
• Parts of the eye that can get infected

  • Eyelid (Bleph-)
  • Conjunctiva
  • Cornea
  • Aqueous or vitreous fluid
• Viral conjunctivitis


  Caused by a virus, like the common cold. Very contagious, but usually clears up on its own within several days without medical treatment.
• Allergic conjunctivitis


  Caused by eye irritants such as pollen, dust and animal dander among susceptible individuals. May be seasonal (pollen) or flare up year-round (dust; pet dander).
• Bacterial conjunctivitis


  Caused by bacteria, can cause serious damage to the eye if left untreated
• Viral & bacterial conjunctivitis


  worstern by cough
• Allergic conjunctivitis

  Forfamed by contact with pollen, dust, pet dander
• Peripheral Nervous System


  • Connects the central nervous system to the organs, limbs, and skin
  • Carries sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system
  • Allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body
  • Regulates involuntary body functions like heartbeat and breathing
• Arbovirus


  Arthropod-borne virus