L2 and L3

• Hazard


  A source of potential harm or situation with a potential to cause loss
• Hazards are those elements of the physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him
• Types of hazards


  • Natural hazards
  • Quasi-natural hazards
  • Technological hazards
• Natural hazards


  • Earthquake
• Quasi-natural hazards


  • Smog
• Technological hazards


  • Chemical spills or leaks
• Modes of hazard


  • Dormant
  • Armed
  • Active
• Dormant hazard


  The situation presents a potential hazard, but no people, property, or environment are currently affected
• Armed hazard


  People, property or environment with potential to harm
• Active hazard


  A harmful incident involving the hazard has actually occurred. Often this is referred to as an accident, emergency, incident or disaster instead of active hazard
• Other types of hazards include safety hazards
• Office hazards


  • Paper cutter blade up
  • Coffee without lid
  • File drawer left open
  • Computer monitor is too high
  • Space heater near flammable material
  • Improper chair
  • Cords running on floor
• Warehouse hazards


  • Clothing caught in machinery
  • Improper PPE
  • Improper lifting technique
  • Flammable liquid leaking
  • Pulling box from middle of pallet
  • Exposed wires
• Home hazards


  • Faucet running
  • Spilled liquid on floor
  • Clutter
  • Knife on cutting board
  • Raw meat on counter
  • Pan handle facing out
  • Mitt too close to flame
  • Oven door open
  • Overloaded outlet
  • Blocked walkway
• Impacts of hazards


  • Physical
  • Psychological
  • Socio-cultural
  • Economic
  • Environmental
  • Biological
• Physical impacts


  • Death of people
  • Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transport system, roads, bridges, power lines, and communication lines
  • Widespread loss of housing
• Psychological impacts


  • Grief and psychological trauma - PTSD
  • Marital conflicts
  • Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties
  • Chronic anxiety
• Socio-cultural impacts


  • Displacement of population
  • Loss of cultural identity
  • Forced adoption of new sets of culture
  • Ethnic conflicts
• Economic impacts


  • Loss of job due to displacement
  • Loss of harvest and livestock
  • Loss of farms, fish cages and other sources of living
  • Loss of money and other valuables
• Environmental impacts


  • Loss of forests due to forest fires
  • Loss of fresh water due to salination
  • Disturbance of biodiversity
  • Loss of natural rivers and other tributaries
• Biological impacts


  • Epidemic to people, flora and fauna
  • Chronic and permanent illnesses due to nuclear radiation
  • Mental disorder developed from consumption of contaminated foods
  • Proliferation of different viral and bacterial diseases