humanities review part 2

• Longshore drift


  The movement of material along the shore by wave action
• Longshore drift


  1. Waves approach the beach at an angle

  2. Swash carries material up and along the beach

  3. Backwash carries material back down the beach at right angles

  4. Gravity causes this process

  5. Slowly moves material along the beach

  6. Provides a link between erosion and deposition
• Prevailing wind


  The direction the wave usually blows from
• Swash


  Waves moving up the beach
• Sediment


  Small pieces of rock and sand carried by the wave
• Coastal spits, tombolos, and bars are intriguing landforms shaped by the dynamic interactions of waves, currents, and sediment along coastlines
• Coastal spit


  A narrow, elongated landform that extends from the shoreline into a body of water, typically forming in sheltered bays or estuaries, composed of sand or gravel deposited by longshore drift
• Tombolo


  A ridge of sand or gravel that connects an island to the mainland or to another island, formed by sediment accumulation and buildup between the island and mainland/another island due to converging currents and wave action
• Bar


  A submerged or partially submerged ridge of sand or gravel parallel to the shoreline, found offshore, formed by the deposition of sediment carried by waves and currents
• Coastal landforms reflect the ongoing processes of erosion, transport, and deposition that shape our dynamic coastlines, while also playing significant roles in coastal ecology and geomorphology
• Constructive waves


  Waves that build up the beaches, have a large 'swash' to carry deposits of sand and other materials far up the beach, are much slower than destructive waves, and have a longer 'wavelength'
• Destructive waves


  Larger and more powerful waves, mostly made during a storm, have a stronger backwash than swash to erode the coastline, have a shorter distance between their peaks (wavelength), and are much taller
• Hard Engineering Coastal Management


  • Sea Wall
  • Gabions
  • Rip Rap OR Rock Armour
  • Groynes
  • Wooden Revetment
• Soft Engineering Coastal Management

  • Beach Nourishment
  • Do nothing
  • Dune Regeneration
  • Managed Retreat
• Sea Wall


  A wall that reflects waves back out to sea, preventing erosion of the coast and acting as a barrier to prevent flooding
• Beach Nourishment


  Sand and shingle (pebbles) are added to the beach from elsewhere to create wider beaches, which does not solve the problem of erosion but protects the land behind
• Gabions


  Rock filled cages, a wall of which is usually built at the foot of the cliffs to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion, but can be ugly and easily damaged
• Rip Rap OR Rock Armour


  Boulders piled up high along the coast to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion, looks natural and is reasonably cheap but can shift in heavy storms
• Groynes


  Fences built at right angles to the coast to trap beach material transported by longshore drift, creating wider beaches to slow waves and provide greater protection, but can starve beaches down drift of sediment
• Wooden Revetment


  Similar to a groyne and a sea wall, the wooden structures break the force of the wave and trap beach material behind, allowing for a bigger beach and being cheaper than a sea wall, but do not give full protection and need replacing more frequently
• Do nothing


  Just wait for nature to take its course, where land will be lost to erosion and people may find that insurance companies refuse to insure their homes and businesses
• Dune Regeneration


  Sand dunes are good buffers to the sea but easily damaged, so marram grass can be planted to stabilise the dunes and help them develop, with areas fenced off to keep people off newly planted dunes
• Managed Retreat


  Allowing low-lying coastal areas to be flooded by the sea to become salt marshes, which are effective barriers to the sea, but requires land to be lost and farmers/landowners to be paid for their land
• The French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799, was a major event in history that transformed France in profound ways
• During the French Revolution, the people of France rose up against the monarchy, seeking greater freedoms and equality, leading to the overthrow of the king, the establishment of a republic, and a period of significant social and political change
• The French Revolution saw periods of violence, such as the Reign of Terror, when many people were executed
• Despite its challenges, the French Revolution had a lasting impact, influencing the course of history and inspiring movements for democracy and human rights around the world
• The Radical Phase of the French Revolution was a period marked by intense political upheaval, radical reforms, and widespread violence as revolutionary fervour reached its peak
• The Radical Phase of the French Revolution

  1. Establishment of the National Convention

  2. Rise of the Committee of Public Safety

  3. Reign of Terror

  4. Transition to the Directory
• National Convention


  Emerged in September 1792 as a result of the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly, composed of representatives elected by universal male suffrage, abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic
• Committee of Public Safety

  Established by the National Convention in April 1793, granted broad powers to defend the revolution and safeguard the nation, led by figures such as Maximilien Robespierre and Georges Danton
• Reign of Terror


  A period of mass executions and political purges that unfolded between 1793 and 1794 under the auspices of the Committee of Public Safety, targeting perceived counter-revolutionaries, traitors, and dissenters
• Thermidorian Reaction


  The overthrow of power that led to Robespierre's arrest and execution in July 1794, ending the Reign of Terror and leading the Convention to seek to restore stability and institute a more moderate form of governance
• Directory


  Established in 1795 as a five-member executive council and a bicameral legislature, designed to provide a more stable and balanced form of government, but faced numerous challenges including economic instability, corruption, and internal dissent
• Forms and Names of the Revolutionary Governments


  • National Convention
  • Committee of Public Safety
  • Reign of Terror
  • Thermidorian Reaction
  • Directory
• Institution of a more moderate form of governance


  The shift towards a more moderate form of governance following the Thermidorian Reaction, characterized by a greater emphasis on individual rights and freedoms and a more decentralized system of government, which took place in July 1794 (Thermidor, Year II)
• Restoration of stability


  The Convention's efforts to restore stability to French society following the Thermidorian Reaction, which took place in July 1794 (Thermidor, Year II)
• End of the Reign of Terror


  The end of a period of violence and political purges in France that took place between 1793 and 1794
• Robespierre's arrest and execution


  The arrest and execution of Maximilien Robespierre, a leading figure of the Jacobin faction and one of the main architects of the Reign of Terror, on July 28, 1794 (10 Thermidor, Year II)
• Thermidorian Reaction


  The overthrow of the radical Jacobin faction in France, which took place in July 1794 (or Thermidor, according to the revolutionary calendar)